Frequency and risk factors of pressure injuries in clinical settings of affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Abstract

Aim Pressure injuries are considered a common and costly problem in the care of patients. Prevention and identification of risk factors for pressure injuries are very important due to the high cost of treatment and the adverse consequences of pressure injuries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of pressure injuries and its risk factors in clinical settings of affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Design A descriptive‐analytical study. Methods This study was performed on 200 patients who were selected by random sampling. The data collection tool was a 3‐part questionnaire. Data were analysed using a t test, chi‐square, Fisher's exact test and logistic regression in SPSS v. 24. Results The mean age of the participants was 51.93 ( SD 14.99) years. The rate of pressure injuries in this study was 19.5%. The most susceptible area for pressure injuries were sacral (35.89%) and gluteal (20.51%), respectively. The pressure injuries was significantly associated with Braden's criteria, age, disease diagnosis and length of hospital stay ( p < .05). But there was no statistically significant difference between sex and incidence of pressure injuries ( p > .05).

Risk Factors for Pressure Injuries in Adult Patients: A Narrative Synthesis

“…Screening of titles and abstracts was done with 11,517 entries where 123 studies were deemed appropriate for full-text analysis. In the end, 67 studies were included in narrative synthesis, with 32 prospective cohort studies [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], 26 retrospective record reviews [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ,…”

“…Thirty-eight studies had pressure injury stage 1 or higher as their main outcome [ 18 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 83 ], 19 studies defined pressure injury stage 2 or higher as their main outcome [ 19 , 20 , 22 , 26 , 28 , 37 , 38 , 42 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 73 , …”

“…Forty-five studies analysed pressure injury development as a dichotomous outcome [ 18 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 77 , 79 , 82 , 83 ], 20 studies reported time to the development of pressure injuries [ 19 , 22 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 40 ,…”

“…Of all included studies, 22 studies [ 21 , 23 , 26 , 35 , 37 , 40 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 77 , 82 , 83 ] (33%) had an overall low risk of bias, 29 studies [ 19 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 60 , 61 , 73 , 74 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 84 ] (43%) had an overall moderate risk, and 16 studies [ 18 , 29 , 32 , 34 ...…”

“…The focus of “outcome measurement” was the assessment of pressure injuries by skilled or trained health worker, e.g., nurses, doctors etc., and the definition of pressure injuries by certain and clearly defined standards. Many studies failed to report an adequate staging or assessment of pressure injury by trained health workers, specific pressure injury definition, or both, which resulted in 40% of studies having moderate [ 18 , 19 , 24 , 25 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 39 , 42 , 45 , 47 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 69 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 78 , 82 ] and 19% having high risk of bias in this domain [ 18 , 22 , 34 , 36 , 41 , 43 , 52 , 56 , 60 , 64 , 71 , 75 , 79 ].…”