Frequency‐constrained energy and reserve scheduling in wind incorporated low‐inertia power systems considering vanadium flow redox batteries

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel energy and reserve scheduling model for power systems with high penetration of wind turbines (WTs). The objective of the proposed model is to minimize the total operation cost of the system while static and dynamic security is guaranteed by preserving the frequency nadir, RoCoF, and quasi-steady-state frequency in the predefined range. Likewise, a supervisory, control, and data acquisition (SCADA) system is developed which allows Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs) to continuously communicate and participate in the primary frequency response. To cope with the uncertainties, adaptive information gap decision theory is used that ensures a target operating cost for the risk-averse operator of the power system. The proposed scheduling model is applied on a modified IEEE 39 bus test system to verify the impacts of the fast reserve provided by the VRFBs in the dynamic frequency security enhancement of the power system with high penetration of WTs.

Uncertainty model for rate of change of frequency analysis with high renewable energy participation

“…𝛦(𝑍 2 ) = ∑ ∑ 𝑤 𝑙,𝑘 𝑍 2 (𝑙, 𝑘) 2𝑚+1 𝑘=1 𝑚 𝑙=1 (13) The standard deviation of the RoCoF can be calculated as 𝜎 𝑍 = √𝛦(𝑍 2 ) − 𝜇 𝑍 2 . For the commencement of the PEM (2m+1) for m variables, the correlated variables must be first decorrelated based on fictious variables.…”