Frequency Control Ancillary Service Provided by Efficient Power Plants Integrated in Queuing-Controlled Domestic Water Heaters

Abstract

Abstract:Frequency is an important parameter of a power system. It is of great significance to maintain its stability, especially in the current development scenario of large-scale interconnected power systems. Thermostatically controlled appliances (TCAs) are good controllable resources for demand response owing to their rapid response capabilities and relatively wide controllable ranges. In this study, domestic water heaters, which have wider deadbands compared with other typical TCAs, such as heat pumps, are used as frequency regulation resources. The main contribution of this paper is that it proposes a queuing-controlled strategy with lock-on and off constraints for controlling an efficient power plant consisting of water heaters (EPP-WH). The queuing-controlled strategy enables TCAs to provide frequency regulation ancillary service for the normal operation of the power system. The thermal dynamic process of the water heater and the formation of the EPP-WH are first discussed. Based on the developed model, a series of strategies are proposed, including load shedding calculation, top layer optimization, and improved temperature priority list (TPL) strategy with lock-on and off constraints. Finally, typical case studies are discussed to illustrate the frequency regulation effects and the effects of two characteristic parameters-users' willingness and lock time limits. Reasonable targets are generated based on various consideration from top layer optimization module. The results indicate that using the model and proposed strategies, the EPP-WH has good frequency regulation performance.

Peak Reduction and Long Term Load Forecasting for Large Residential Communities Including Smart Homes With Energy Storage

“…The paper included a systematic sizing procedure for such a home-based hybrid energy storage system and modeled it with a co-simulation framework for building energy use and electric power flow in distribution systems. In previous research, EWHs were used to regulate the frequency in an electric power distribution system [30]. Another research study showed that the aggregated EWH load can be controlled to contribute to shifting the system peak load [31].…”

An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation

“…Among them, load-frequency control focuses on mitigating the effects of unpredictable changes both in the demand and in the generation units that can address frequency deviations [2]. In fact, power imbalances between generation and consumption cause frequency variations [3]. In Europe, frequency control has a hierarchical structure, usually organized in up to five layers (from fast to slow timescales): (i) frequency containment (also known as primary frequency control); (ii) imbalance netting; (iii) automatic and/or manual frequency restoration (also known as secondary frequency control), and (iv) replacement [4].…”

Frequency Response Analysis of a Single-Area Power System with a Modified LFC Model Considering Demand Response and Virtual Inertia

“…This work contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive analytical model and steady-state calculations for frequency regulation of a power system including DR and VSG controls. Most of the available literature either considers DR [10,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]38,39] or virtual inertia [33,[35][36][37]40] for the purpose of frequency control. The literature (e.g., [41,42]) that considers the presence of both has one or more of the following limitations: frequency regulation is not considered, simulation results for a specific case are provided instead of a general model of the power system, and the formulation for steady-state error is not provided.…”