“…imidacloprid) resistance has been attributed to mutations in nAChR, reduced expression of nAChR or increased rates of insecticide detoxification (Chen et al, 2017). A point mutation (R81T) in the loop D region of the nAChR β1 subunit has been identified to be associated with imidacloprid resistance in both Myzus persicae (Bass et al, 2011) and A. gossypii (Chen et al, 2017;Hirata et al, 2015Hirata et al, , 2017Koo et al, 2014;Shi et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2015), and this mutation has been detected in laboratory-selected A. gossypii strains and in field-resistant populations (Chen et al, 2017;Hirata et al, 2015;Koo et al, 2014;Shi et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2015). The causal link between neonicotinoid resistance and the R81T mutation has been supported by the fact that R81 within loop D is a key determinant of neonicotinoid binding to nAChRs (Ihara et al, 2008;Shimomura et al, 2006), and by electrophysiological analysis (Hirata et al, 2017).…”