Frequency distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Iraqi patients

Al-Kaif, Laith A.I.K.; Al-Charrakh, Alaa H.; Al-Saadi, Mohammad A. K.

doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns9.13006

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Numerous investigations have demonstrated that there is no meaningful correlation between HBV genomes and clinical characteristics such as liver histology, ALT levels, liver fibrosis, and HBeAg status [ 66 , 67 ]. Nonetheless, some research has indicated that a greater viral load may be linked to specific HBV genotypes [ 68 ]. Furthermore, a study discovered that HBV genotypes can affect the longitudinal HBsAg serodecline and the extent of HBsAg seroclearance, indicating a potential interaction between HBV genotype and HLA variations [ 69 ].…”

Section: Prognostic Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of diagnostic and prognostic markers of chronic hepatitis B infection

Hudu,

Shinkafi,

Jimoh

2024

Medical Review

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A major worldwide health concern, chronic hepatitis B necessitates precise prognostic and diagnostic indicators for clinical guidance. This article highlights the clinical importance and current issues of the major markers used in both the detection and prognosis of chronic hepatitis B. An important indicator of an ongoing and persistent infection is the hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatitis B virus DNA quantification monitoring aids in assessing viral load and hepatic cancer risk. While limited evidence of liver damage is provided by alanine aminotransferase levels, the hepatitis B core antibody verifies acute infection. Seroconversion to the hepatitis B e antibody is linked to a lower risk of disease development, and the hepatitis B e antigen status is a critical prognostic factor. Treatment choices are guided by a biopsy of the liver or minimally invasive liver fibrosis detection. Genotypes of the hepatitis B virus and host variables influence the prognosis by adding to the disease’s variability. Noninvasive techniques to evaluate the severity of the disease are provided by serum markers of fibrosis, such as the fibrosis score based on four criteria and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index. The requirement for indicators that distinguish between distinct viral phases and increase specificity in evaluating liver damage is one of the challenges facing chronic hepatitis B research. Even though it is quite difficult to find reliable biomarkers for resistance especially when it comes to hepatocellular cancer risk estimation, there are advanced methods, which include imaging and omics that can help in improving the accuracy of the diagnostics and prognosis. Interventions early point that improve patient outcomes are made possible using diagnostics and prognostics as they are quite effective in managing the complicated landscape of chronic hepatitis B. Key in addressing these challenges today and improving the diagnostic and prognostic markers in the future, particularly those that would support the development of successful treatment plans for people living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), are scientific research, technological advances and collaborations.

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Section: Prognostic Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of diagnostic and prognostic markers of chronic hepatitis B infection

Hudu,

Shinkafi,

Jimoh

2024

Medical Review

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“…In the context of microbial infections, the production of IgM serves as the initial defense, followed by the development of IgG for long-term immunity and immunological memory [17]. IgM and IgG antibodies have been detected in patient blood samples within three to six days and eight days following SARS infection [21][22][23]. Therefore, the presence of these antibodies aids in estimating the infection date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of CTLA-4 level and humeral immune response after the second dose of COVID-19 vaccine in certain Iraqi provinces participants

Al-Kaif,

Al-Ameri,

Alfatlawi

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Evaluating immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination is paramount to understanding vaccine effectiveness and optimizing public health interventions. This study seeks to elucidate individuals’ immune status after administering a second dose of diverse COVID-19 vaccines. By analyzing immune responses through serological markers, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the uniformity of vaccine performance. Methods A total of 80 participants were enrolled in this study, with demographic and COVID-19 infection-related data collected for categorization. Serum samples were acquired within a specified timeframe, and SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG rapid tests were conducted. Moreover, CTLA-4 levels were measured through ELISA assays, allowing us to assess the immune responses comprehensively. The participants were divided into eight groups based on various factors, facilitating a multifaceted analysis. Results The outcomes of our investigation demonstrated consistent immune responses across the diverse types of COVID-19 vaccines administered in Iraq. Statistical analysis revealed no significant distinctions among the vaccine categories. In contrast, significant differences were observed in CTLA-4 among the control group (non-infected/non-vaccinated, infected/non-vaccinated) and infected/Pfizer, non-infected/Pfizer, and infected/Sinopharm, non-infected/sinopharm (P = 0.001, < 0.001, 0.023, respectively). This suggests that these vaccines exhibit comparable effectiveness in eliciting an immune response among the study participants. Conclusions In conclusion, our study’s results underscore the lack of discriminatory variations between different COVID-19 vaccine types utilized in Iraq. The uniform immune responses observed signify the equitable efficacy and performance of these vaccines. Despite minor quantitative discrepancies, these variations do not hold statistical significance, reaffirming the notion that the various vaccines serve a similar purpose in conferring protection against COVID-19.

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“…Also, occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is another form of CHB and is estimated to affect 0.82% of the general population around the world (10). The prevalence of HBV in Iraq is 2 -5% in the general population (11), with slight differences in different provinces of the country (11,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of HBV Core/Pre-Core Mutations in Iraqi Patients with Chronic Hepatitis

Kadhim Jwaziri,

Esghaei,

Karbalaie Niya

et al. 2023

Hepat Mon

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Objectives: The present study was conducted to assess the pattern of HBV Core/Pre-Core mutations and HBV genotype in Iraqi patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study in an Iraqi province, we evaluated 134 patients diagnosed with HBV hepatitis. We used PCR and, subsequently, Sanger sequencing to assess HBV Core/Pre-Core mutations. Sanger sequencing reads were further used for phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree was generated according to the neighbor-joining method. Results: The current study revealed that 58 (45%) of the patients were male, and 72 (55%) of them were female. The mean age of the patients was 36 ± 12.7 years, and the mean duration of infection was 5.2 ± 4.8 years. The results revealed 21 nucleic acid alterations in the samples analyzed. The generated phylogenetic tree divided samples into two genotypes. Pre-core/Core mutations were significantly associated with the treatment received (P = 0.0.001) but not with laboratory parameters. Most samples were matched with the genotype D clade, while only four samples were positioned adjacent to the genotype E clade. Direct nucleic acid translation disclosed five nucleic acid variants (73T>G, 347T>G, 364A>G, 365T>C, and 366A>G) on the core protein. Conclusions: This study has detected 21 nucleotide variants and 5 amino acid alterations within the coding sequences of the C gene. This study revealed that genotype D represents the primary genotype for the identified viral infections. The current study highlights the importance of these mutations evaluation for future, more comprehensive studies.

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Frequency distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in Iraqi patients

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

A critical review of diagnostic and prognostic markers of chronic hepatitis B infection

A critical review of diagnostic and prognostic markers of chronic hepatitis B infection

Detection of CTLA-4 level and humeral immune response after the second dose of COVID-19 vaccine in certain Iraqi provinces participants

A Survey of HBV Core/Pre-Core Mutations in Iraqi Patients with Chronic Hepatitis

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