Frequency-Domain Characteristics Response to Passive Exercise in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

Purpose: The enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP), a kind of passive exercise, is a novel non-invasive therapy used to improve peripheral perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, whether frequency-domain characteristics of peripheral hemodynamics may benefit from passive exercise needs to be verified.Methods: We recruited 21 patients with CAD and 21 healthy controls in this study. Ultrasonic blood flow velocity spectrum in left carotid (LC) and right carotid (RC) common arteries, and right brachial (RB) and right femoral (RF) arteries was monitored using an ultrasonic Doppler. Frequency-domain characteristics before, during, and after passive exercise were extracted from ultrasonic spectrum images. The first and second peak amplitudes/frequencies (y1, y2, x1, x2) and power spectral energy ratio (PSER) in the 0–2.05 Hz/0.87 Hz (p5, p6) were calculated by fast Fourier transform and power spectrum density analysis.Results: For the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the spectrum, y1 in the LC of patients with CAD was significantly decreased during exercise (p = 0.036), whereas, y2 was significantly decreased immediately after passive exercise (p = 0.038). Besides those, y1 only in the RC and RB of controls was significantly decreased during exercise. Immediately after exercise, y2 in the LC of control was significantly lower than at the baseline (p = 0.014). For the energy ratio characteristics of the spectrum, there was an opposite response in the two groups that p6 was significantly reduced and elevated in the LC of controls and in the RB of patients with CAD during exercise (both p < 0.05).Conclusions: Passive exercise reduces amplitude and frequency characteristics of carotid arteries, while there was an opposite response of energy ratio characteristics in the LC and RB arteries to passive exercise between CAD patients and controls. Additionally, energy ratio characteristics of spectrum in the brachial artery were markedly elevated in CAD patients during passive exercise. Moreover, passive exercise only reduces amplitude characteristics of LC artery in the control group.

Transfer Function Characteristic Analysis of Peripheral Ultrasound Signal Stimulated by Enhanced External Counterpulsation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

“…While EECP reduced amplitude and frequency characteristics in the carotid arteries, the energy ratio characteristics in the left carotid and right brachial arteries displayed an opposite response during EECP between CAD patients and controls 9 .…”

“…mean inner diameter, blood flow velocity and resistance index) and frequency-domain characteristics (e.g. amplitude and energy ratio) between CAD patients and controls 8,9 . However, we found that a single indicator analysis may not affect the significant differences between the two groups.…”

“…The main steps included removal of the yellow markers produced by the scanner's integral software, selection of ROI, converting the image to gray-scale, closed operation to fill, Sobel filtering to extract edges and envelope extraction. Lastly, spectrum curves of brachial artery were inverted about the zero-flow axis to orientate the traces 9 .…”