Frequency modulation characteristics for interband cascade lasers emitting at 3 μm

Li, Jinyi; Du, Zhenhui; An, Yi

doi:10.1007/s00340-015-6195-9

Cited by 33 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This value is higher than for a QCL, but generally lower than for interband lasers emitting at shorter wavelengths. While an earlier frequency-modulation study of DFB ICLs [232] found a much larger intrinsic linewidth (> 300 kHz), that measurement may have been influenced by noise from the driver current [233].…”

Section: Linewidth and Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 78%

The Interband Cascade Laser

et al. 2020

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We review the history, development, design principles, experimental operating characteristics, and specialized architectures of interband cascade lasers for the mid-wave infrared spectral region. We discuss the present understanding of the mechanisms limiting the ICL performance and provide a perspective on the potential for future improvements. Such device properties as the threshold current and power densities, continuous-wave output power, and wall-plug efficiency are compared with those of the quantum cascade laser. Newer device classes such as ICL frequency combs, interband cascade vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, interband cascade LEDs, interband cascade detectors, and integrated ICLs are reviewed for the first time.

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Section: Linewidth and Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 78%

The Interband Cascade Laser

et al. 2020

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“…Generally, semiconductor lasers are able to operate at high frequencies (with bandwidths in the GHz range) with appropriate packaging, as was verified for ICLs at low temperatures with operation up to 3.2 GHz [25][26][27]. In this work, the ICL temperature was maintained at 33.7 °C.…”

Section: Rf Electrical Modulation Based Pdh Locking Techniquementioning

confidence: 70%

Dual-feedback mid-infrared cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for H₂CO detection using a radio-frequency electrically-modulated interband cascade laser

Zheng

Lou

et al. 2018

Opt. Express

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A mid-infrared cavity-enhanced sensor system was demonstrated for the detection of formaldehyde (HCO) using a continuous-wave (cw) interband cascade laser (ICL) centered at 3599 nm. A compact Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity with a physical size of 38 × 52 × 76 mm was developed consisting of two concave mirrors with a radius of curvature of 80 mm and a reflectivity of 99.8% at 3.6 μm. Different from the widely reported electro-optical (EO) external modulation based Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) locking technique, a radio-frequency electrical internal modulation based PDH technique was used for locking the laser mode to the cavity mode. A dual-feedback control on the laser current and on the piezo transducer (PZT) displacement was utilized for further stabilizing mode locking. A 20 m effective optical path length was achieved with a cavity length of 2 cm and a finesse of 1572. The effectiveness and sensitivity of the sensor system were demonstrated by targeting an absorption line at 2778.5 cm for HCO measurements. A linear relation between the cavity transmitted signal amplitude and the HCO concentration was obtained within the range of 0-5 ppm. A 1σ detection limit of 25 parts-per-billion (ppb) was achieved with an averaging time of 1 s based on Allan-Werle variance analysis. The reported dual-feedback RF modulation based PDH technique led to a method for gas detection using a similar experimental setup and measurement scheme.

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“…Therefore, the direct modulation of the ICL will be studied more intensively together with certain modulation methods like the wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). Both changes offer the distinct advantage of efficient noise suppression [30,31]. In addition, the enhanced frequency stability of an applied direct modulation compared to an optical chopper together with the elimination of mechanical noise can result in better sensor sensitivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Analysis of Photoacoustic Spectra for the Detection of Short-Chained Hydrocarbon Isotopologues

Loh

Wolff

2020

Molecules

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We report, to our knowledge, the first optical detection scheme for short-chained hydrocarbon isotopologues. The sensor system is based on photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). Two continuous wave, thermoelectrically cooled, distributed feedback interband cascade lasers (DFB-ICLs) with emission wavelengths around 3.33 and 3.38 μm, respectively, served as light sources. The investigations comprised the main stable carbon isotopologues of methane (12CH4, 13CH4), ethane (12CH3-12CH3, 13CH3-12CH3, 13CH3-13CH3), and propane (12CH3-12CH2-12CH3, 13CH3-12CH2-12CH3). They were selected because of their importance for numerous applications from climate and planetary research to natural gas exploration. Multiple measurements of single components in nitrogen and synthetic mixtures were conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Depending on the investigated hydrocarbon isotopologue, detection limits ranging from 0.043 ppmv to 3.4 ppmv were achieved. For a selective concentration determination, multivariate analysis (MVA) was applied. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was used to calculate concentrations from the PA spectra. The implementation of MVA has shown that the PA setup in principle works reliably and that the selective concentration determination of short-chained hydrocarbon isotopologues is possible.

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Frequency modulation characteristics for interband cascade lasers emitting at 3 μm

Abstract: different semiconducting materials and working principles involved. This study can help to optimize wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS)-based sensor performance and improve simulation models for WMS.

Cited by 33 publications

References 30 publications

The Interband Cascade Laser

The Interband Cascade Laser

Dual-feedback mid-infrared cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for H₂CO detection using a radio-frequency electrically-modulated interband cascade laser

Multivariate Analysis of Photoacoustic Spectra for the Detection of Short-Chained Hydrocarbon Isotopologues

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Frequency modulation characteristics for interband cascade lasers emitting at 3 μm

Abstract: different semiconducting materials and working principles involved. This study can help to optimize wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS)-based sensor performance and improve simulation models for WMS.

Cited by 33 publications

References 30 publications

The Interband Cascade Laser

The Interband Cascade Laser

Dual-feedback mid-infrared cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for H2CO detection using a radio-frequency electrically-modulated interband cascade laser

Multivariate Analysis of Photoacoustic Spectra for the Detection of Short-Chained Hydrocarbon Isotopologues

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Dual-feedback mid-infrared cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for H₂CO detection using a radio-frequency electrically-modulated interband cascade laser