Frequency of Coronavirus NL63 Infection in Children with Upper Respiratory Infection by Real-Time PCR

Mohammadi, Mahtab; Arabzadeh, Seyed Ali Mohammad; Mollaie, Hamidreza; Monavari, Seyed Hamidreza; Nikpour, Najmeh

doi:10.5812/ijp.101905

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…29 Since the first detection, the virus infection has been diagnosed in a few studies across the nation. 23,26 An investigation from Iran (before the pandemic) in a similar duration time as our study found HCoV-NL63 by using the same method as our method in nasal and throat swabs of 23.9% of cases (specified children aged <5 years) who had acute respiratory infections. 23 Given the differences between the inclusion criteria of this study compared with ours, different results could be explained.…”

Section: Demographics Prevalence and Seasonalitysupporting

confidence: 71%

“…23,26 An investigation from Iran (before the pandemic) in a similar duration time as our study found HCoV-NL63 by using the same method as our method in nasal and throat swabs of 23.9% of cases (specified children aged <5 years) who had acute respiratory infections. 23 Given the differences between the inclusion criteria of this study compared with ours, different results could be explained. In addition to this study, there were some pieces of evidence from different countries with a lower detection rate (for instance, 1.2% in Japan, 30 2.1% in Australia, 31 and 2.5% in Canada 32 ), regarding the virus infection.…”

Section: Demographics Prevalence and Seasonalitysupporting

confidence: 71%

“…HCoV‐NL63 was first detected in Iran in 2012 in a newborn girl who had suffered from respiratory distress 29 . Since the first detection, the virus infection has been diagnosed in a few studies across the nation 23,26 . An investigation from Iran (before the pandemic) in a similar duration time as our study found HCoV‐NL63 by using the same method as our method in nasal and throat swabs of 23.9% of cases (specified children aged <5 years) who had acute respiratory infections 23 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…This finding was similar to the results of the study by Won Il Choi et al 22 HCoVs are among the most frequent respiratory viruses responsible for clinics visits for the common cold sharing a common and nonspecific set of symptoms similar to the influenza virus and also SARS-CoV-2 infections. 23,24 For HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E, symptoms include general malaise, headache, nasal discharge, sneezing, sore throat, fever, and cough. 3 For HCoV-HKU1, symptoms are fever,…”

Section: Demographics Prevalence and Seasonalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surveillance of endemic coronaviruses during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran, 2021–2022

Karami

Sadeghi

Zadheidar

et al. 2023

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Background Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) 229E, OC43, HKU1, and NL63 are common viruses that continuously circulate in the human population. Previous studies showed the circulation of HCoVs during the cold months in Iran. We studied the circulation of HCoVs during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic to find the impact of pandemic on the circulation of these viruses. Methods As a cross‐sectional survey conducted during 2021 to 2022, of all throat swabs sent to Iran National Influenza Center from patients with severe acute respiratory infection, 590 samples were selected to test for HCoVs using one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR. Results Overall, 28 out of 590 (4.7%) tested samples were found to be positive for at least one HCoVs. HCoV‐OC43 was the most common (14/590 or 2.4%), followed by HCoV‐HKU1 (12/590 or 2%) and HCoV‐229E (4/590 or 0.6%), while HCoV‐NL63 was not detected. HCoVs were detected in patients of all ages and throughout the study period with peaks in the cold months of the year. Conclusions Our multicenter survey provides insight into the low circulation of HCoVs during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran in 2021/2022. Hygiene habits and social distancing measures might have important role in decreasing of HCoVs transmission. We believe that surveillance studies are needed to track the pattern of HCoVs distributions and detect changes in the epidemiology of such viruses to set out strategies in order to timely control the future outbreaks of HCoVs throughout the nation.

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Section: Demographics Prevalence and Seasonalitysupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Demographics Prevalence and Seasonalitysupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Demographics Prevalence and Seasonalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surveillance of endemic coronaviruses during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran, 2021–2022

Karami

Sadeghi

Zadheidar

et al. 2023

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…Seven found human coronaviruses cause aggressive or mild diseases. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 create self-limiting respiratory diseases while SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have a mortality rate of almost 10% and 40%, respectively [13,14]. SARS-CoV-2 is the latest species of coronaviruses causing another severe acute respiratory syndrome and makes a clade in the subgenus of sarbecovirus [15].…”

Section: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-cov-2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: The Role of the Main Components of the Innate Immune System

et al. 2021

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At the end of December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Wuhan of China. COVID-19 affects different people with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic with recovery without hospitalization up to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The innate and adaptive immunity appears responsible for the defense against the virus and recovery from the disease. The innate immune system, as the first line of defense, is essential for the detection of virus and subsequent activation of acquired immunity. The innate immune response is carried out by sentinel cells such as monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells and by receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These receptors can recognize various components of the virus, which lead to intracellular signaling and subsequently the synthesis of various cytokines. These cytokines then recruit other immune cells, activate adaptive immune responses, and inhibit viral spreading. The most common receptors include Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and RIG-I like receptors. This review describes the current knowledge about the interplay between innate immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the innate immune cells and the role of their receptors in viral RNA recognition, as well as their mechanisms for recognizing SARS-CoV-2.

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Global Epidemiology and Seasonality of Human Seasonal Coronaviruses: A Systematic Review

Wilson,

Kovacs,

Crosby

et al. 2024

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

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Background We characterized the global epidemiology and seasonality of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) OC43, NL63, 229E, and HKU1. Methods In this systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL and backward citations for studies published until September 1st 2023. We included studies with >12 months consecutive data and tested for >1 HCoV species. Case reports, review articles, animal studies, studies focusing on SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and/or Middle East respiratory syndrome, and those including <100 cases were excluded. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist tools. We reported the prevalence of all HCoVs and individual species. Seasonality was reported for studies that included >100 HCoVs annually. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022330902. Results 201 studies (1,819,320 samples) from 68 countries were included. A high proportion were from China (19.4%; n=39), while the Southern Hemisphere was underrepresented. Most were case series (77.1%, n=155) with samples from secondary care (74.1%, n=149). Seventeen (8.5%) studies included asymptomatic controls, while 76 (37.8%) reported results for all four HCoV species. Overall, OC43 was the most prevalent HCoV. Median test-positivity of OC43 and NL63 were higher in children, and 229E and HKU1 in adults. Among 18 studies that described seasonality (17 from Northern Hemisphere), circulation of all HCoVs mostly peaked during cold months. Conclusions In our comprehensive review, few studies reported the prevalence of individual HCoVs or seasonality. Further research on the burden and circulation of HCoVs is needed, particularly from Africa, South Asia, and Central/South America.

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Frequency of Coronavirus NL63 Infection in Children with Upper Respiratory Infection by Real-Time PCR

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Surveillance of endemic coronaviruses during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran, 2021–2022

Surveillance of endemic coronaviruses during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran, 2021–2022

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: The Role of the Main Components of the Innate Immune System

Global Epidemiology and Seasonality of Human Seasonal Coronaviruses: A Systematic Review

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