Frequency of Low-Level Bacteremia in Children from Birth to Fifteen Years of Age

Abstract

A single blood culture inoculated with a small volume of blood is still frequently being used for the diagnosis of bacteremia in children because of the continued belief by many that bacteria are usually found in high concentrations in the blood of pediatric patients with sepsis. To determine the importance of both blood volume cultured and the number of culture devices required for the reliable detection of pathogens in our pediatric population, blood from children from birth to 15 years of age and with suspected bacteremia at York Hospital (a 500-bed community hospital) was inoculated into at least a Pediatric Isolator (Wampole Laboratories; 1.5 ml of blood) or a standard Isolator (10 ml of blood) and a bottle of ESP anaerobic broth (Trek Diagnostic Systems; 0.5 to 10 ml of blood). The use of a second Isolator and additional aerobic and anaerobic bottles and the total blood volume recommended for cultures (2 to 60 ml) depended on the weight and total blood volume of each patient. One hundred forty-seven pathogens were recovered from the blood of 137 (3.6%) of 3,829 children for whom culturing was done. Of 121 septic episodes for which the concentration of pathogens in the blood could be determined using Isolators, 73 (60.3%) represented low-level bacteremia (<10 CFU/ml of blood), including 28 pathogens (23.1%) which were detected at concentrations of only <1.0 CFU/ml. Of 144 septic episodes for which two or more culture devices (Isolators and/or bottles) were inoculated, 85 (59%) were associated with false-negative results from one or more of the culture devices. Of the 128 children for whom antibiotic therapy records were complete, therapy was either started or changed for 88 (68.8%) following notification of positive blood cultures. Low-level bacteremia was common in our pediatric population, requiring the culturing of up to 4 or 4.5% of a patient's total blood volume for the reliable detection of pathogens and appropriate, timely changes in empiric therapy.

Childhood osteomyelitis-incidence and differentiation from other acute onset musculoskeletal features in a population-based study

“…[ 4 , 19 , 35 , 38 , 39 ] Blood cultures can only be positive if there is bacteremia at the time the blood is drawn and if sufficient blood is examined. [ 42 , 43 ]In our study, the amount of blood examined for bacteria may have been insufficient. In another study, negative blood culture was found in osteomyelitis patients with small bones and/or non-staphylococcal disease.…”

Diagnostic Challenges and Laboratory Considerations for Pediatric Sepsis

“…Bacteremia patients generally have <5 cfu of bacteria per milliliter of blood (33). Two studies by Kellogg et al found that low-level bacteremia, <1 cfu/ mL, was responsible for 71% and 75% of pediatric deaths owing to sepsis (34,35). With so few bacteria per milliliter of blood, we can see how easily bacteremia can be missed if a small volume is sent for culture.…”

Neonatal Nasopharyngeal Colonization with Group B Streptococcus and its Association with Clinical Sepsis

“…Inadequate blood used to inoculate blood culture bottles, small colony counts, intermittent bacteremia, and maternal administration of antibiotics are plausible explanations for false-negative blood cultures in these symptomatic neonates. 2,[20][21][22] Neonatal caregivers often have to rely on their nonspecific subjective evaluation, hemodynamic instability, respiratory distress/apnea, poor feeding, and laboratory findings such as leukocytosis/leukopenia, elevated CRP, abnormal IT ratio, low platelet count, and hypo/hyperglycemia to guide their management. 2 There is no single test which can predict clinical sepsis if the blood culture is negative.…”