Frequency of outbreak investigations in US hospitals: Results of a national survey of infection preventionists

Rhinehart, Emily; Walker, Scott; Murphy, Denise; O’Reilly, Karen; Leeman, Patty

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.10.003

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…4 Norovirus infections accounted for 18.2% of outbreaks and 65% of closures of hospital wards during 2008 and 2009 in the United States. 5 A recent review of reports from both developed and developing countries indicates that the prevalence rates of NoV gastroenteritis in hospitalized children range from 6% to 48%, with an overall prevalence of 14%. 6 There have been recent reports of NoV outbreaks in neonatal nurseries associated with clinical presentations such as necrotizing enterocolitis, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and fever.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Genogroup II Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children in South India

Menon

Sarkar

Moses

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The distribution of norovirus (NoV) genogroup II in children 5 years of age admitted to a south Indian hospital with diarrhea was investigated. Viral RNA extracted from 282 stool samples were screened for NoV GII and positive amplicons sequenced. Twenty-eight (9.9%) had NoV GII infection with a median age of 6 months, with more severe episodes of diarrhea among infected (median Vesikari score 13, interquartile range [IQR] 10-15) than children without infection (median score 10, IQR 8-13, P = 0.002). The study documents NoV GII infections as an important cause of gastroenteritis and the genetic diversity of circulating strains.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Genogroup II Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children in South India

Menon

Sarkar

Moses

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Due to the low infectious dose, multiple transmission routes, and high stability of HuNoV in the environment (41,72), outbreaks typically occur in places with close living conditions, such as hospitals. Infections in hospitals alone cost the United Kingdom National Health Service an estimated £115 million and result in 47,000 lost bed days per year, compromising hospital services (39,53). The majority of HuNoV infections are acute and self-resolving; however, links with conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (36), infantile seizures (18), and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (65,74) have been established.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Functional Profiling of the Norovirus Genome

Thorne

Bailey

Goodfellow

2012

J Virol

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Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, yet details of the life cycle and replication of HuNoV are relatively unknown due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system. Studies with murine norovirus (MNV), which can be propagated in permissive cells, have begun to probe different aspects of the norovirus life cycle; however, our understanding of the specific functions of the viral proteins lags far behind that of other RNA viruses. Genome-wide functional profiling by insertional mutagenesis can reveal protein domains essential for replication and can lead to generation of tagged viruses, which has not yet been achieved for noroviruses. Here, transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis was used to create 5 libraries of mutagenized MNV infectious clones, each containing a 15-nucleotide sequence randomly inserted within a defined region of the genome. Infectious virus was recovered from each library and was subsequently passaged in cell culture to determine the effect of each insertion by insertion-specific fluorescent PCR profiling. Genome-wide profiling of over 2,000 insertions revealed essential protein domains and confirmed known functional motifs. As validation, several insertion sites were introduced into a wild-type clone, successfully allowing the recovery of infectious virus. Screening of a number of reporter proteins and epitope tags led to the generation of the first infectious epitope-tagged noroviruses carrying the FLAG epitope tag in either NS4 or VP2. Subsequent work confirmed that epitope-tagged fully infectious noroviruses may be of use in the dissection of the molecular interactions that occur within the viral replication complex. Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in developed countries, with initial reports also indicating high incidence and mortality in developing countries (47). Due to the low infectious dose, multiple transmission routes, and high stability of HuNoV in the environment (41, 72), outbreaks typically occur in places with close living conditions, such as hospitals. Infections in hospitals alone cost the United Kingdom National Health Service an estimated £115 million and result in 47,000 lost bed days per year, compromising hospital services (39, 53). The majority of HuNoV infections are acute and self-resolving; however, links with conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (36), infantile seizures (18), and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (65, 74) have been established. There are also increasing reports of persistent infections in the elderly and the immunocompromised, such as transplant recipients and some cancer patients (2,13,20,40,55,56).Details of the life cycle and replication of HuNoV are relatively unknown due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system. The discovery of murine norovirus (MNV) in 2003 has since facilitated studies on norovirus replication. Unlike HuNoV, MNV can be propagated in culture, displaying a tropism for macrophage and dendritic cells (75), and ca...

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“…In the United States, NoVs cause 19 to 21 million cases each year (4,5). NoV outbreaks have been identified in children (6), the elderly (7), military personnel (8,9), immunocompromised individuals (10), restaurant patrons (11,12), travelers to developing countries (13,14), passengers of cruise ships (15), residents of health care facilities such as nursing homes (16,17) and hospitals (18), and other populations housed in close quarters (19). The increasing incidence of NoV infections emphasizes the need to quickly detect and identify the causative agent, because early diagnosis of NoV infection can be crucial in the effective control of outbreaks and can decrease the secondary attack rate (20).…”

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confidence: 99%