Frequency of Preseptal Cellulitis and Its Risk Factors in Patients Admitted to Two Educational Hospitals in Tehran, Iran, During 2014 - 2015

Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors for Orbital Infections in a Tertiary Hospital

“…Even when vision loss or blindness do not occur, cosmetic blemish like phthisical eye may occur if prompt and appropriate actions are not taken. [8] The incidence of orbital infections in this centre is comparable with others in the literature [1,5,[9][10] though most only reported incidence of either pre-or post-septal orbital infections. It has been reported that preseptal cellulitis is more common [11] but less aggressive than orbital cellulitis.…”

“…Orbital infections are common infections of ocular adnexia and orbital tissues. [1] The infection posterior to the orbital septum is called orbital cellulitis while the anterior ones are called pre-septal cellulitis. Sometimes the infections can be a continuum.…”

Preseptal Cellulitis: 13 Years Review in a Tertiary Hospital South-Eastern Nigeria

“…Shoaei et al made similar observation that trauma (57.5%) was the leading cause. [3] Furthermore, Liu et al in their series reported that periocular conditions such as skin pustule (19.4%), dacryocystitis (19.4%) and hordeolum (16.4%) were the leading predisposing factors. [7] In our study, due to the high number of patients with unidentifiable predisposing factors (56.9%), and the fact that most patients could not afford radiological investigations requested sinus infections may have been under-reported.…”

“…Cavernous sinus thrombosis and meningitis could be the result of a more posterior spread of the orbital infection. [1,3] The orbital complications classification developed by Chandler in 1970 remains valid: preseptal cellulitis (stage 1), orbital cellulitis (stage 2), subperiosteal abscess (stage 3), orbital abscess (stage 4), and cavernous sinus thrombosis (stage 5). [4] Preseptal cellulitis more commonly seen in children manifests with fever, edema, hyperemia, and pain in the palpebral and periorbital tissue.…”

“…The bacterial infection may result from spread of dacryocystitis, an external ocular infection or following trauma to the eyelids. [3,6] The most common organisms are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus species, and anaerobes -known causative organisms of upper respiratory tract infections and external eyelid infections. [6] Early treatment with appropriate antibiotics often results in regression of most preseptal cellulitis.…”