Frequency of Public Smiling across the Life Span

Chapell, Mark S.

doi:10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1326

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, within this phenotype there is individual and group variation in people's ability and tendency to produce facial expressions based on factors such as culture (Chentsova-Dutton et al, 2007;Jack et al, 2012), age (Chapell, 1997), gender (Chaplin and Aldao, 2013;Hess et al, 2000), and psychopathology (e.g. Bylsma et al, 2008;Fagundo et al, 2013;Kring and Moran, 2008;Rosenthal et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial expression to emotional stimuli in non-psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Davies

Wolz

Leppänen

et al. 2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

116

104

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial expression to emotional stimuli in non-psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Davies

Wolz

Leppänen

et al. 2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

116

104

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“…Dimensions of nonpathological variability include interpersonal success in nonverbal communication (Strahan and Conger, 1998) and overall expressiveness (DePaulo, 1992). There are also sex differences in facial expression, especially for smiling, with women smiling more (Briton and Hall, 1995;Chapell, 1997;LaFrance and Hecht, 1999). LaFrance and Hecht (1999) maintain that women are not comfortable unless they are smiling.…”

Section: Individual Differences In Observable Facial Expression Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to underlying physical variation in the face and in movement, empirically measured facial behavior varies according to factors such as sex (Briton and Hall, 1995;Chapell, 1997), age (Chapell, 1997), and cultural background (Ekman, 1973;Kupperbusch et al, 1999). Also important in facial expression are individualized factors, such as sociality of situation (Fridlund, 1994;Friedman and MillerHerringer, 1991;Jakobs et al, 1999) and the emotion-eliciting nature of visual or other stimuli (Cohn and Tronick, 1983).…”

Section: Individual Differences In Observable Facial Expression Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research

Schmidt¹,

Cohn²

2001

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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The importance of the face in social interaction and social intelligence is widely recognized in anthropology. Yet the adaptive functions of human facial expression remain largely unknown. An evolutionary model of human facial expression as behavioral adaptation can be constructed, given the current knowledge of the phenotypic variation, ecological contexts, and fitness consequences of facial behavior. Studies of facial expression are available, but results are not typically framed in an evolutionary perspective. This review identifies the relevant physical phenomena of facial expression and integrates the study of this behavior with the anthropological study of communication and sociality in general. Anthropological issues with relevance to the evolutionary study of facial expression include: facial expressions as coordinated, stereotyped behavioral phenotypes, the unique contexts and functions of different facial expressions, the relationship of facial expression to speech, the value of facial expressions as signals, and the relationship of facial expression to social intelligence in humans and in nonhuman primates. Human smiling is used as an example of adaptation, and testable hypotheses concerning the human smile, as well as other expressions, are proposed. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 44:3-24, 2001.

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“…From this perspective, there is a less precise relationship between facial expressions and their meaning; rather, particular behavioral intentions are broadly associated with facial expressions and the social context helps define the meaning of the expression. In support of this view, researchers have found facial behavior to vary according to factors such as age (Chapell, 1997), gender (Briton & Hall, 1995;Chapell, 1997), cultural background (Ekman, 1973), and the context of the situation (Fridlund, 1994).…”

Section: Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Awareness and Leader Influence: A Proposed Model and Training Intervention

Mueller-Hanson¹,

Swartout²,

Morewitz³

et al. 2007

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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A leader's ability to influence others is likely related to the leader's level of social awareness (knowing how one is perceived by others in that environment.) Based on perceptions of the social environment, a leader must also alter behaviors as needed to more effectively relate to others, a process which has been termed "interpersonal adaptability". Interpersonal adaptability is central to the role of the leader who must use influence and persuasion to successfully accomplish the mission through the work of subordinates. The objectives of this research are to develop a model of social influence, to propose training, and to pilot test the concepts. To meet these objectives, we first provide an overview of the relationship between social awareness and influence. Second, we describe a model of social awareness and influence. Third, we describe how these concepts link to the leader competencies defined in FM 6-22. Next, we discuss implications of this research for training leaders to enhance their social awareness and influence skills, and we present the concepts that were developed for training these skills. Finally, we describe how these concepts were pilot tested, and we present the results and our conclusions from the pilot. Procedure:Based on a review of relevant research, a model of social awareness and influence was developed and the factors hypothesized to impact the model were identified. The results of an expert rating task revealed that experience influencing others, knowledge of non-verbal behavior and cultural norms, communication/persuasion skills, political skills, social intelligence, metacognition, and self-awareness were the factors that were most likely to have a high impact on the social awareness and influence process and that could potentially be improved through training. Consequently several training concepts were identified: knowledge of the social awareness and influence process, knowledge of/skill in reading verbal and non-verbal cues of others, and knowledge of/skill in using influence tactics. Using a combination of commercially available tools and customized content, we developed and pilot tested a six-hour social awareness and influence training program with 72 NCOs and Company-grade officers.viiiThe pilot test served a dual purpose: (1) to test the various training concepts to determine their suitability for ongoing use and (2) to make some initial determinations about whether social awareness and influence skills could be improved through training. Evaluation data were collected at two levels to assess the effectiveness of the training: participant reactions (level 1) and acquisition of new knowledge and skills (level 2). The level 1 evaluation was conducted using a survey administered at the end of each training session. A pre/post test design was used to conduct the level 2 evaluation -participants were assessed via a test of nonverbal sensitivity and a role-play exercise both before and after the training on their ability to read verbal and nonverbal cues and on adjusting their...

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Frequency of Public Smiling across the Life Span

Abstract: This study of the frequency of public smiling in a sample of 15,824 children, adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults yielded a significant decrease in public smiling across age groups. Females smiled significantly more than males.

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

Facial expression to emotional stimuli in non-psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Facial expression to emotional stimuli in non-psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research

Social Awareness and Leader Influence: A Proposed Model and Training Intervention

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