Frequency of respiratory pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2 detected during COVID-19 testing

SARS-CoV-2 and other airborne respiratory viruses in outdoor aerosols in three Swiss cities before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

“…They usually cause mild symptoms for adults, but are very contagious and could be dangerous for small children and cause epidemics among them. The correlation between enterovirus and SARS-CoV-2 found in our result resonated with the fact that their coinfection has been recognized ( Boschiero et al, 2022 , Pigny et al, 2021 ) and the cases of its relative rhinovirus were commonly observed to increase with SARS-CoV-2 cases ( De Francesco et al, 2021 , Haapanen et al, 2021 , Redlberger-Fritz et al, 2021 ), though its correlation with SARS-CoV-2 in air was not detected. In addition, a preprint suggests that the new Omicron variant could have gained a unique insertion mutation from HCoV-229E from a co-infected individual, which is very alarming ( Venkatakrishnan et al 2021 ).…”

“…1 Table. 8–9), the rare cases of SARS-CoV-2 coinfected with HCoV-229E have been reported ( Boschiero et al, 2022 , Lau et al, 2021 ), suggesting similar rare coinfections between SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses should not be overlooked. After all, the possibility of the emergence of a more virulent and contagious variant of either SARS-CoV-2 or other virus through this way should not be neglected, in addition to the concern that the coinfections with other viruses such as adenovirus and influenza may enhance SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, aggravate the symptoms and even increase mortality( Bai et al, 2021 , Guan et al, 2021 , Swets et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Moreover, potential risks for coinfections could be monitored, especially since these respiratory viruses we studied share similar transmission routes. Regardless of the frequency, all the abundant viruses we studied have been found to coinfect withSARS-CoV-2 ( Boschiero et al, 2022 , Dadashi et al, 2021 , Jiang et al, 2020 , Lau et al, 2021 , Pigny et al, 2021 , Rodriguez et al, 2020 ). Nevertheless, most of them were not correlated with SARS-CoV-2 directly in our results ( Fig.…”

“…Secondly, the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses in aerosols is also largely unknown. So far, coinfections have been reported between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A ( Dadashi et al 2021 ), influenza B ( Dadashi et al 2021 ), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV1) 1 ( Boschiero et al 2022 ), HPIV2 ( Boschiero et al 2022 ), HPIV3 ( Boschiero et al 2022 ), HPIV4 ( Rodriguez et al 2020 ), human coronaviruses (HCoV) NL63 ( Pigny et al 2021 ), HCoV-OC43 ( Boschiero et al 2022 ), HCoV-HKU1 ( Boschiero et al 2022 ), HCoV-229E ( Lau et al 2021 ), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) ( Jiang et al 2020 ), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) ( Jiang et al, 2020 , Pigny et al, 2021 ), adenovirus ( Pigny et al 2021 ), and picornaviruses which include rhinovirus ( Boschiero et al, 2022 , De Francesco et al, 2021 , Pigny et al, 2021 ) and enterovirus ( Boschiero et al 2022 ). Moreover, lockdowns and other measures including mass masking and universal hygiene also seriously impacted other infectious respiratory diseases causing a significant decline of infections during the pandemic ( Chiapinotto et al, 2021 , Hsieh et al, 2020 ).…”

Selective COVID-19 Coinfections in Diabetic Patients with Concomitant Cardiovascular Comorbidities Are Associated with Increased Mortality

“…Despite the role of coinfections as important contributors to mortality in viral pandemics, they are not well understood in SARS-CoV2 outbreaks. Recent findings revealed that other respiratory viral coinfections are likely to infer cross-protections [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Furthermore, common viral coinfections negatively correlated in COVID-19 disease implying potential cross-protection and highlighting the significance of screening for bacterial respiratory coinfections instead [ 10 ].…”