Frequency Response of the Vocal Tract Considering the Glottis Opening Area During Human Whistling

Bass whistling reproduction using a vocal tract model

“…The fast Fourier transform was conducted by applying a 16,384-point Hanning window function. Because the output sound is close to a pure tone, such as a whistle, the fundamental frequency can be obtained from the frequency at the peak value of the power spectrum [11]. At this time, the pressure-reducing valve was finely adjusted and fixed at the point where the sound volume was maximized.…”

“…Therefore, it was assumed that these generated sounds were the pucker whistle and hollow whistle, and the fundamental frequencies were expressed as PW and HW, respectively. Figure 3 shows an example of the amplitude characteristics obtained from the transfer function of the vocal tract model [11,12]. Here, the resonance frequencies of the vocal tract are expressed as F R1 ; F R2 ; .…”