Frequency responsive wind plant controls: Impacts on grid performance

Miller, N.W.; Clark, K.; Shao, Miaolei

doi:10.1109/pes.2011.6039137

Cited by 131 publications

(116 citation statements)

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“…The WT industry has created several controllers for modern WTG's in order to provide inertial response (and governor response on some cases) for large frequency deviation for, short-duration: Artificial, Emulated, Simulated, or Synthetic Inertial. Examples of synthetic inertia controlled commercially available for WTG are: General Electric WindINERTIA™ [23], [24], ENERCON  Inertia Emulation [25]. The objective of the synthetic inertia control is "to extract the stored inertial energy from the moving part on WTGs" [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical load profile estimation for sizing of battery storage system

Sharma

Singh

Rajpurohit

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE Power &Amp; Energy Society General Meeting

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical load profile estimation for sizing of battery storage system

Sharma

Singh

Rajpurohit

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE Power &Amp; Energy Society General Meeting

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“…At this time, if the wind turbine is not involved in the system frequency regulation, the equivalent power generation capacity and the inertia of the rotor are reduced, which causes the faster reduce or increase the system frequency [1]. In addition, the frequency of the system may also be difficult to recover to normal levels after the disturbance disappeared [2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Frequency and Voltage Coordinated Control for Wind and Energy Storage System

Li¹,

Wu²,

Xing³

et al. 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science 2015

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Keywords:The frequency and voltage coordinated control, wind/storage system, real time digital simulation (RTDS). Abstract: Due to the characteristics of the operation of the wind turbine and the capacity of the converter and the rotor current and other factors, the use of wind turbine to adjust the system frequency and voltage can not fully meet the requirements. And energy storage equipment has the advantages of flexible and controllable. In the paper, the frequency and voltage coordinated control for wind power and energy storage system is studied. And its coordinated control strategy is proposed. Three kinds of control scheme comparison are considered in the simulation to verify the validity of the control strategy proposed. The simulation results show that the control strategy is effective and easy to apply engineering practice.

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“…Variable speed WTGs can provide frequency response functionalities if they are appropriately controlled [109,143,144]. A collective utilisation of emulated inertia (EI) and active power control (APC) could improve frequency excursion.…”

Section: Prevention Of Cascading Pv Tripmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GE WindInertia feature provisionally increases the output power of a wind turbine by around 5% to 10% of rated power for several seconds following a frequency disturbance [109,143,144]. This inertial response is effectively energy neutral.…”

Section: (I) Ei Controllermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Below rated wind speed, stored kinetic energy from a WTG rotor is momentarily offered to the grid, which is recovered later. At a higher wind speed, pitch control technique is applied to increase the output power to provide emulated inertial response [143,144]. Figure 4.21 GE WTG model with EI and APC functions [107,109] EI is intended to deliver a similar type of inertial response to that of a synchronous generator.…”

Section: (I) Ei Controllermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Security assessment due to increased wind generation in a complex power grid

Masood¹

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Wind energy is becoming a major source of generation in many countries because of its zero fuel cost and no air pollution. Due to the integration of large-scale wind power in conventional grids, synchronous generators are being economically replaced. Modern wind turbine generators (WTGs) are based on power electronic interfaces. Hence, unlike synchronous generators, they do not usually provide inertia and governor response. Therefore, from a power system security point of view, wind penetration can be limited by frequency response criteria. Up to now, several methodologies have been proposed to estimate the maximum wind penetration level. However, none of them suggest how a system operator could be immediately informed about a secured wind penetration limit as soon as a generation profile is known. Therefore, a tool to estimate the maximum wind penetration level by maintaining an adequate frequency response is proposed in this thesis. The proposed tool is able to instantly provide the highest margin of wind power that could be dispatched at a particular load condition without violating frequency response constraints.In some power systems, the combined generation capacity of wind and distributed photovoltaic (PV) sources is close to reaching the level of average demands (e.g. South Australia). Under high availability of wind and PV, a few synchronous machines may be required to be committed for frequency regulation and hence the system can be viewed as a low inertia grid. Such a grid could be potentially at risk of experiencing an excessive rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) after a contingency. A high ROCOF may initiate tripping of other synchronous generators. As a result, network frequency response may become more vulnerable and the system may be subject to significant under frequency load shedding (UFLS) or even at risk of a blackout. Furthermore, some existing distributed PV units may have a default under frequency protection setting, which is higher than the UFLS threshold. Hence, a contingency may cause a subsequent trip of those PV units. It may result in an unacceptable low frequency, triggering further load shedding. To explore the above issues, the effects of cascading contingencies triggered by high ROCOF and PV tripping on the frequency response of a low inertia grid are investigated in this thesis. Remedial measures using synchronous condenser and WTG frequency support to prevent the cascading contingencies are also suggested.Any mismatch between load and generation is intended to be balanced by contingency reserve, which is also known as contingency Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) requirement.Load frequency relief (LFR), which represents the effect of frequency dependent loads on power system frequency excursion, is crucial for correctly evaluating contingency FCAS requirement during a generation dispatch to ensure an adequate frequency response. Conventionally, the LFR is iii considered as a fixed quantity during the estimation of frequency response and FCAS requirement.How...

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Frequency responsive wind plant controls: Impacts on grid performance

Cited by 131 publications

References 1 publication

Critical load profile estimation for sizing of battery storage system

Critical load profile estimation for sizing of battery storage system

Study on the Frequency and Voltage Coordinated Control for Wind and Energy Storage System

Security assessment due to increased wind generation in a complex power grid

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