Frequent detection of cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus in cervical secretions from healthy young women

Berntsson, Matilda; Dubicanac, Lejla; Ellström, Agneta Andersson; Löwhagen, Gun-Britt; Bergström, Tomas

doi:10.1111/aogs.12134

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, the study population was small and the prevalence of CMV shedding in vaginal secretions was not studied [27]. It was documented that the prevalence of CMV shedding was 7.2-33.7% in vaginal secretion and 2.6-10.8% in urine [22,[25][26][27][28][29]. By contrast, the prevalence of CMV shedding in our study was at the lower end.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Cytomegalovirus shedding in seropositive healthy women of reproductive age in Tianjin, China

Shi

et al. 2020

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) enters latency after primary infection and can reactivate periodically with virus excreted in body fluids which can be called shedding. CMV shedding during the early stage of pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. The shedding pattern in healthy seropositive women who plan to have babies has not been well characterised. Vaginal swabs, urine and blood were collected from 1262 CMV IgG-positive women who intended to have babies and tested for CMV DNA by fluorogenic quantitative PCR method. Serum IgM was also detected. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and CMV shedding prevalence was analysed. Among 1262 seropositive women, 12.8% (161/1262) were detected CMV DNA positive in at least one body fluid. CMV DNA was more frequently detected in vaginal secretion (10.5%) than in urine (3.2%) and blood (0.6%) also with higher viral loads (P < 0.00). CMV shedding was more likely detected in IgM-positive women than IgM-negative women (29.5% (13/44) vs. 12.2% (148/1218); OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.55–5.93; P = 0.001). CMV shedding in vaginal secretion was highly correlated with shedding in urine, the immune state of IgM, the adverse pregnant history and younger age. CMV shedding was more commonly detected in vaginal secretion than in urine or blood with higher viral loads among healthy seropositive women of reproductive age. Further studies are needed to figure out whether the shedding is occasional or continuous and whether it is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Cytomegalovirus shedding in seropositive healthy women of reproductive age in Tianjin, China

Shi

et al. 2020

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…The prevalence of HSV demonstrated in this study was higher than that previously described in cervical samples from other countries. Several studies investigated asymptomatic HSV shedding from the uterine cervix by PCR -the lowest rates (approximately 3%) were observed in Turkey and Sweden and the highest in Argentina (21.5%) and Brazil (26%) (6)(7)(8)(9). It was interesting that most cases in our study were HSV1 positive and only one was HSV2 positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Cervical Viral Infections among Asymptomatic Bulgarian Women

Staykova¹,

Belovska²,

Murad³

et al. 2016

Cent Eur J Public Health

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SUMMARYAim: Although sexually transmitted viral infections are significant and increasing public health concern, little is known about their prevalence among Bulgarian women. The aim of this study was to investigate cervical viral infections in asymptomatic women.Methods: The study group included 52 randomly selected asymptomatic female volunteers from Bulgarian border town Kardzhali. Cervical specimens were tested by real-time PCR for human papillomaviruses (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Results: The investigation demonstrated a high rate (61.5%) of infection with one or more viruses of uterine cervix of participating women considered at low risk. The most prevalent was HPV, found in 32.7% of all women. The genotyping of high-risk (HR) HPV positive specimens showed that HPV16 was the most prevalent HR type. HSV prevalence (30.8%) was almost as high as that of HPV and most women were HSV1 infected. 9.6% and 5.8% of all specimens were positive for EBV and CMV, respectively.Conclusions: Our results indicate that women from Kardzhali region, involved in this study, might be at risk for development of genital tract pathology, including cervical cancer, and for transmission of virus infection sexually and perinatally.

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“…Nearly half of the 502 CMV DNA-positive saliva specimens in our study contained >100,000 copies/mL and more than one quarter had >1×10 6 copies/mL (Figure 1). In contrast, CMV viral loads in adults tend to be substantially lower (Stowell et al, companion paper) [27]. Many of the highest viral load specimens were obtained from a relatively small number of children (Figure 3)-perhaps 6 or 7 of the 161 originally screened.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated measures study of weekly and daily cytomegalovirus shedding patterns in saliva and urine of healthy cytomegalovirus-seropositive children

et al. 2014

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BackgroundTo better understand potential transmission risks from contact with the body fluids of children, we monitored the presence and amount of CMV shedding over time in healthy CMV-seropositive children.MethodsThrough screening we identified 36 children from the Atlanta, Georgia area who were CMV-seropositive, including 23 who were shedding CMV at the time of screening. Each child received 12 weekly in-home visits at which field workers collected saliva and urine. During the final two weeks, parents also collected saliva and urine daily.ResultsPrevalence of shedding was highly correlated with initial shedding status: children shedding at the screening visit had CMV DNA in 84% of follow-up saliva specimens (455/543) and 28% of follow-up urine specimens (151/539); those not shedding at the screening visit had CMV DNA in 16% of follow-up saliva specimens (47/303) and 5% of follow-up urine specimens (16/305). Among positive specimens we found median viral loads of 82,900 copies/mL in saliva and 34,730 copies/mL in urine (P = 0.01), while the viral load for the 75th percentile was nearly 1.5 million copies/mL for saliva compared to 86,800 copies/mL for urine. Younger age was significantly associated with higher viral loads, especially for saliva (P < 0.001). Shedding prevalence and viral loads were relatively stable over time. All children who were shedding at the screening visit were still shedding at least some days during weeks 11 and 12, and median and mean viral loads did not change substantially over time.ConclusionsHealthy CMV-seropositive children can shed CMV for months at high, relatively stable levels. These data suggest that behavioral prevention messages need to address transmission via both saliva and urine, but also need to be informed by the potentially higher risks posed by saliva and by exposures to younger children.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0569-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Frequent detection of cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus in cervical secretions from healthy young women

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Cytomegalovirus shedding in seropositive healthy women of reproductive age in Tianjin, China

Cytomegalovirus shedding in seropositive healthy women of reproductive age in Tianjin, China

Cervical Viral Infections among Asymptomatic Bulgarian Women

Repeated measures study of weekly and daily cytomegalovirus shedding patterns in saliva and urine of healthy cytomegalovirus-seropositive children

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