“…The self-stigma and discrimination experienced by PWUD because of their drug use (i.e., stigma related to drug use) has not been adequately considered as a risk factor for opioid overdose despite increasing evidence linking stigma with health outcomes, injection-related risk behaviors, and utilization of harm reduction services (Cama, Brener, Wilson, & von Hippel, 2016;Couto E Cruz, Salom, Dietze, et al, 2018;Kulesza, Larimer, & Rao, 2013;Latkin et al, 2010;Rivera, DeCuir, Crawford, Amesty, & Lewis, 2014;von Hippel, Brener, & Horwitz, 2018;Wilson, Brener, Mao, & Treloar, 2014). Internalized stigma (i.e.…”