Friction and seismic attenuation in rocks

Winkler, Kenneth W.; Nur, Amos; Gladwin, M. T.

doi:10.1038/277528a0

Cited by 226 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These observations are consistent with previous data (Spencer, 1981, Winkler et al, 1979, Murphy, 1984. The resonant bar and waveform inversion data exhibit a significant difference in QE-1 that is attributed to sample heterogeneity.…”

Section: Attenuation: the Effect Of Frequency And Water Saturationsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Spencer (1981) used cyclic loading technique to examine the effects of frequency from 1 to 103 Hz and found that moduli and Q-1 changed dramatically with frequency in samples saturated with different fluids. Winkler et al (1979) utilized this same method at frequencies less than 1 Hz to examine the effects of strain amplitude. He observed that moduli decreased and Q-Xincreased with increasing strain amplitude in rock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several investigators have reported frequency, strain amplitude, and saturation dependences on M and Q-1 in crustal rocks (Gordon and Davis, 1968;Tittmann et al, 1977;Toksoz et al, 1979;Winkler et al, 1979;Spencer, 1981;Dunn, 1986;Paffenholz and Burkhardt, 1989). Different laboratory techniques were used to measure these dependences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulus dispersion and attenuation in tuff and granite

Haupt¹,

Martin²,

Tang³

et al. 1991

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The effects of loading frequency, strain amplitude, and saturation on elastic moduli and attenuation have been measured in samples of the Topopah Spring Member welded tuff.• Four different laboratory techniques have been used to determine Young's modulus and extensional wave attenuation at frequencies ranging from 10-2 to 106 Hz. The results are compared with data acquired for Sierra White granite under the same conditions. The modulus and attenuation in room dry samples remain relatively constant over frequency. Frequency dependent attenuation and modulus dispersion are observed in the saturated samples and are attributed to fluid flow and sample size. The propertie, of tuff were independent of strain amplitude in room dry and saturated conditions.

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Section: Attenuation: the Effect Of Frequency And Water Saturationsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulus dispersion and attenuation in tuff and granite

Haupt¹,

Martin²,

Tang³

et al. 1991

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“…While in Ref. [2] it was argued that ǫ L ∼ 10 −6 (albeit with some uncertainty), more recent data [5,6,7] have been used to support an extension of the nonlinear region to substantially lower strains; doubt has been cast even on the very existence of a threshold [8]. In addition, results from resonant bar experiments [5,7] have been interpreted to exhibit a 'nonclassical' frequency and loss dependence on the drive amplitude, i.e., frequency and Q softening linearly with drive amplitude rather than quadratically as predicted by Landau theory [9], even at strains as small as 10 −8 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At even higher strains, effects due to a driven nonequilibrium state, and relaxation from it, complicate the characterization of the nonlinear behavior. Rocks possess a variety of remarkable nonlinear elastic properties including hysterisis with end-point memory [1], variation of attenuation and sound velocity with strain [2], strong dependence of elastic and loss constants on pressure, humidity, and pore fluids [3], long-time relaxation phenomena ('slow dynamics') [4], and nontrivial variation of resonance frequency with strain [5,6]. Significantly, materials as diverse as sintered ceramics and damaged steels are now known to display similar effects [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear and Nonequilibrium Dynamics in Geomaterials

et al. 2004

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The transition from linear to nonlinear dynamical elasticity in rocks is of considerable interest in seismic wave propagation as well as in understanding the basic dynamical processes in consolidated granular materials. We have carried out a careful experimental investigation of this transition for Berea and Fontainebleau sandstones. Below a well-characterized strain, the materials behave linearly, transitioning beyond that point to a nonlinear behavior which can be accurately captured by a simple macroscopic dynamical model. At even higher strains, effects due to a driven nonequilibrium state, and relaxation from it, complicate the characterization of the nonlinear behavior. PACS numbers: 62.40.+i, 62.65.+k, 91.60.Lj Rocks possess a variety of remarkable nonlinear elastic properties including hysterisis with end-point memory [1], variation of attenuation and sound velocity with strain [2], strong dependence of elastic and loss constants on pressure, humidity, and pore fluids [3], long-time relaxation phenomena ('slow dynamics') [4], and nontrivial variation of resonance frequency with strain [5,6]. Significantly, materials as diverse as sintered ceramics and damaged steels are now known to display similar effects [6]. Thus rocks may be viewed as representative members of a class of fascinating, but poorly understood, nonlinear elastic materials: Fundamental questions still to be resolved relate not only to the underlying causes of the nonlinear phenomena but also to the conditions under which they occur.In this Letter, we focus on delineating two strain thresholds, one below which the rocks behave effectively as linear elastic materials, ǫ L , the other beyond which memory and conditioning effects occur, ǫ M , and the dynamic elastic behavior straddling the region of these thresholds. While in Ref. [2] it was argued that ǫ L ∼ 10 −6 (albeit with some uncertainty), more recent data [5,6,7] have been used to support an extension of the nonlinear region to substantially lower strains; doubt has been cast even on the very existence of a threshold [8]. In addition, results from resonant bar experiments [5,7] have been interpreted to exhibit a 'nonclassical' frequency and loss dependence on the drive amplitude, i.e., frequency and Q softening linearly with drive amplitude rather than quadratically as predicted by Landau theory [9], even at strains as small as 10 −8 . (The importance of ǫ M in interpreting resonant bar data is emphasized below.)We have carried out a new set of well-characterized experiments, over a wide dynamic range, to unambiguously settle these questions: While longitudinal resonant excitation of bars is a classic measurement technique [10], rock samples require substantial care in terms of controlling the temperature and humidity and characterizing possible systematic effects, especially those due to conditioning of the sample by the external drive [4].Our major conclusions are as follows. For Berea and Fontainebleau sandstone samples, below a threshold strain ǫ L ∼ 10 −8 −10 −7 (lower end for ...

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Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy studies of Berea sandstone at high temperature

et al. 2016

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Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy was used to determine the elastic moduli of Berea sandstone from room temperature to 478 K. Sandstone is a common component of oil reservoirs, and the temperature range was chosen to be representative of typical downhole conditions, down to about 8 km. In agreement with previous works, Berea sandstone was found to be relatively soft with a bulk modulus of approximately 6 GPa as compared to 37.5 GPa for α‐quartz at room temperature and pressure. It was found that Berea sandstone undergoes a ~17% softening in bulk modulus between room temperature and 385 K, followed by an abnormal behavior of similar stiffening between 385 K and 478 K.

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Friction and seismic attenuation in rocks

Cited by 226 publications

References 21 publications

Modulus dispersion and attenuation in tuff and granite

Modulus dispersion and attenuation in tuff and granite

Nonlinear and Nonequilibrium Dynamics in Geomaterials

Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy studies of Berea sandstone at high temperature

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