Friction Measurement under Consideration of Contact Conditions and Type of Lubricant in Bulk Metal Forming

Krämer, Philipp; Groche, Peter

doi:10.3390/lubricants7020012

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Therefore, it is important to consider the impact of all parameters on the overall process and identify those necessary to reproduce the application [48]. The work [49] indicated the need to consider not only the tribological loads when designing these tribometric tests, which is typical for existing methodologies, but also the specific properties of the process and lubricant. The research specifically concerned the aspect of lubricant leakage from the contact zone, which takes place in drop forging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Aspects of Lubrication in Die Forging Processes at Elevated Temperatures—A Review

Hawryluk,

Dudkiewicz,

Marzec

et al. 2023

Lubricants

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The paper concerns selected aspects of the application of cooling–lubricating agents as well as methods and devices assigned to lubrication in hot die forging processes realized at elevated and high temperatures in the context of their effect on the quality of the forgings and the durability of the forging instrumentation. An analysis was made of the currently used lubricants and their properties and applications in selected industrial forging processes, and a review was conducted of the presently applied cooling–lubricating systems and devices. The article also presents the authors’ own studies referring to the effect of the application of lubricating and cooling agents, the volume of the lubricant portion, the times and directions of its application, and other factors affecting tribological conditions. It also presents lubricating devices constructed based on the knowledge and experience of the authors. The elaborated systems, introduced into selected forging processes, make it possible to examine the effect of the volume and time-frequency of the applied lubricant dose on the wear of the tools and also to select and ensure the optimal tribological conditions in the process with respect to durability. The obtained research results, which were confirmed in the industrial process, indicate the great potential of implementing such devices also in other forging processes because the proposed solutions ensure greater repeatability and stability of working conditions. This increases the efficiency of production and thus significantly reduces the unit production costs, as a two-fold increase (from 8000 to 16,000 forgings) in tool life has been observed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Aspects of Lubrication in Die Forging Processes at Elevated Temperatures—A Review

Hawryluk,

Dudkiewicz,

Marzec

et al. 2023

Lubricants

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“…The tribological system plays an important part in designing robust and efficient cold forging operations [6]. Efficient lubricants assist in improving the product quality and tool life by reducing the forging load and wear by preventing direct metallic contact between the tool and the workpiece [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lubrication and Forging Load on Surface Roughness, Residual Stress, and Deformation of Cold Forging Tools

Karunathilaka

Tada

Uemori

et al. 2019

Metals

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Cold forging is a metal forming that which uses localized compressive force at room temperature. During the cold forging process, the tool is subjected to extremely high loads and abrasive wear. Lubrication plays an important role in cold forging to improve product quality and tool life by preventing direct metallic contact. Surface roughness and residual stress also greatly affects the service life of a tool. In this study, variations in surface roughness, residual stress, and specimen deformation with the number of cold forging cycles were investigated under different forging conditions. Specimens that were made of heat-treated SKH51 (59–61 HRC), a high-speed tool steel with a polished working surface, were used. The specimens were subjected to an upsetting process. Compressive residual stress, surface roughness, and specimen deformation showed a positive relationship with the number of forging cycles up to a certain limit and became almost constant in most of the forging conditions. A larger change in residual stress and surface roughness was observed at the center of the specimens in all the forging conditions. The effect of the magnitude of the forging load on the above discussed parameters is large when compared to the effect of the lubrication conditions.

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“…Over recent decades, many friction tests have been developed to investigate friction on different areas of workpieces in SMF [10,11]. The effects of different test stands on the coefficient of friction have been studied by Recklin et al [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study of the Frictional Properties of Steel Sheets Using the Drawbead Simulator Test

2019

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This article presents the results of an experimental investigation of the frictional resistance arising in a drawbead during sheet metal forming. The frictional characterization of DC04 deep drawing quality steels commonly used in the automotive industry is carried out using a friction simulator. The effects of some parameters of the friction process on the value of the coefficient of friction have been considered in the experimental investigations. The friction tests have been conducted on different strip specimens, lubrication conditions, heights of drawbead and specimen orientations in relation to the sheet rolling direction. The results of drawbead simulator tests demonstrate the relationship that the value of the coefficient of friction of the test sheets without lubrication is higher than in the case of lubricated sheets. The lubricant reduces the coefficient of friction, but the effectiveness of its reduction depends on the drawbead height and lubrication conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness of the reduction of the coefficient of friction by the lubricant depends on the specimen orientation according to the sheet rolling direction. In the drawbead test, the specimens oriented along the rolling direction demonstrate a higher value of coefficient of friction when compared to the samples cut transverse to the rolling direction. The smaller the width of the specimen, the lower the coefficient of friction observed. The difference in the coefficient of friction for the extreme values of the widths of the specimens was about 0.03–0.05. The use of machine oil reduced the coefficient of friction by 0.02–0.03 over the whole range of drawbead heights. Heavy duty lubricant even reduced the frictional resistances by over 50% compared to dry friction conditions. The effectiveness of friction reduction by machine oil does not exceed 30%.

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Friction Measurement under Consideration of Contact Conditions and Type of Lubricant in Bulk Metal Forming

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Selected Aspects of Lubrication in Die Forging Processes at Elevated Temperatures—A Review

Selected Aspects of Lubrication in Die Forging Processes at Elevated Temperatures—A Review

Effect of Lubrication and Forging Load on Surface Roughness, Residual Stress, and Deformation of Cold Forging Tools

An Experimental Study of the Frictional Properties of Steel Sheets Using the Drawbead Simulator Test

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