Frictional accumulation of negative muons and its application

What do we actually know about the proton radius?

“…65 there is no metastable 2s state because of collisions in high-density gas targets [66]. In contrast to that, they observed the metastable 2s state of muonic hydrogen [73] working with a slow muon beam and a low-density gas target. That makes the situation quite hopeful.…”

A modified approach to muon-catalyzed fusion, employing helium-3 as fuel

“…However, this paper uses the approach outlined by Shin and Rafelski [30] for p À production, and a 75% rate of usable l À from said p À [4,10,11] is assumed. While the method suggested for slowing l À [26] normally expects a 40% yield of usable l À from entering p À , with a magnetic bottle setup, it predicts a larger percentage of muons can be trapped and forced to slow down in the foil stack. This could possibly allow l À yields to exceed the 75% offered by other methods.…”

“…They usually involve a pulsed beam hitting a target with sufficient energy to create negatively charged pions (p À ), which in vacuum decay predominantly with a probability of 99.99% [14] into a muon anti-neutrino and a l À , and attempt capture of the produced pions with a solenoid, having them decay in flight [4,21,25]. The resulting muon beam is then modifiable to suit a variety of different applications [4,10,11,20,21,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. It is difficult to predict an optimal approach.…”

“…Higher intensity muon beams are anticipated in other areas of physics, for applications such as the muon collider [10,11,[24][25][26], and research into beam intensities approaching 10 12 l À /s is currently being conducted [10,11,25,26].…”

“…Positive muons can be implanted at controlled depths on a nano-meter scale [23,27,28], and research progresses in slowing down negative muons, known as muon cooling, to a similar degree [24,26,29]. Of interest is 'a moderator consisting of a large number of thin carbon foils placed perpendicularly to the axis of a high-field solenoid' [26]. This allows a 5 keV beam, with a 1 keV energy spread to be obtained; slowing muons quickly (with respect to their lifespan), accepting very large initial phase space volumes, while allowing a potentially high output/input ratio.…”