Fridtjof Nansen's “Farthest North”1

Climate related phase transitions with moving boundaries by virtue of mushy zone investigation in Al–Cu: Experiment and phase‐field modeling

“…Here, the bulk and interface effects incorporate with the free energy density 𝑓 and gradient terms respectively. We consider a certain deviation from the reference free energy F 0 , Equation (1), where V is the volume of the domain, 𝛾 𝜙 is the gradient energy coefficient related to the solid-liquid interface energy, and 𝛾 c is the coefficient which defines the length scales of the compositional boundary [31,42]. In the presented model, we consider 𝜙 as the phase-field variable defined as 𝜙 = 0 in the liquid phase and 𝜙 = 1 in the solid phase.…”

“…Recently, the field of structural phase transformations experiences a wave of high interest from researchers in various fields of science including specialists in physical and biochemical area, geo-and materials science. The thermodynamics and interactions of ice masses with ocean and atmosphere represent a central theme in glaciological studies [1,2]. The in-depth study of solidification processes led researchers to relate the ice formation to an intermediate zone where solid as well as liquid phases are present, the so-called mushy zone [3][4][5].…”

“…Turning to another motivational aspect that determines the interest in the development of models with moving boundaries, we especially emphasize the importance of studying the effect of melt water percolating into the ice matrix, leading to a strong reduction in the surface salinity and bringing the requirements for the correspondent mathematical apparatus to the next level. When relatively low-salinity meltwater comes into the contact with oceanic waters each at or close to their respective freezing points [21][22][23], it can be retained under thin ice in bottom hollows, leading to double-diffusion at the interface between freshwater and seawater and consequent formation of "under-ice melt ponds" [1,2] also known as "false bottom effect" [1,2,21,24] (Figure 1). The false bottom effect is known as the only reliable source of ice formation during the polar summer [7,23,25], confirmed by both field and laboratory experiments [23,[25][26][27], as well as modeling studies [28,29]; it plays a critical role as a reservoir for meteoric water (snowmelt water) and in the transfer of atmospheric pollutants to the pack ice [30].…”

The religion of sympathy: J. S. Mill

“…Mill stated that nearly every respectable attribute of humanity is the result not of instinct but of victory over instincts; and "there is hardly anything valuable in the natural man except capacities-a whole world of possibilities, all of them dependent upon eminently artificial discipline for being realized." 39 The key, therefore, was to improve upon nature. If we cannot escape the fact that both self-interest and sympathy are natural to us, we can counteract one with the other, make one stronger than the other.…”