Fright (Effroi) and other Peritraumatic Responses after a Serious Motor Vehicle Accident: Prospective Influence on Acute PTSD Development

Vaïva, Guillaume; Brunet, Alain; Lebigot, François; Boss, Virginie; Ducrocq, François; Devos, Patrick; Laffargue, P; Goudemand, M.

doi:10.1177/070674370304800606

Cited by 48 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This conceivably suggests that the more fearsome the event, the more likely it is to be inaccurately recognized. This notion is highly discrepant to previous experimental findings, but does not contradict the clinical findings of peritraumatic amnesia (van der Kolk and Fisler 1995), which influences posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development after MVA (Vaiva et al 2003). Further research is required to clarify this notion.…”

contrasting

confidence: 80%

Emotional memory persists longer than event memory

Kuriyama¹,

Soshi²,

Teruya³

et al. 2010

Learn. Mem.

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The interaction between amygdala-driven and hippocampus-driven activities is expected to explain why emotion enhances episodic memory recognition. However, overwhelming behavioral evidence regarding the emotion-induced enhancement of immediate and delayed episodic memory recognition has not been obtained in humans. We found that the recognition performance for event memory differs from that for emotional memory. Although event recognition deteriorated equally for episodes that were or were not emotionally salient, emotional recognition remained high for only stimuli related to emotional episodes. Recognition performance pertaining to delayed emotional memory is an accurate predictor of the context of past episodes.[Supplemental material is available online at http://www.learnmem.org.]Memories of events evoking strong emotions, especially fear, selectively persist (Bradley et al. 1992;Breslau 2001;Coles and Heimberg 2002;Wagner et al. 2006) because emotion enhances event-memory retention. The hippocampus is crucial in processing declarative and spatial long-term memory, whereas the amygdala drives emotion processing and emotional memory formation (LaBar and Cabeza 2006;Suzuki 2009). Whether or not emotion enhances event memory retention is controversial. By using photographs with affective valence as both encoding and recall stimuli, some authors found that emotion accelerates episodic memory encoding (Bradley et al. 1992;Maratos et al. 2001;Smith et al. 2004Smith et al. , 2005Wagner et al. 2006). However, others speculate that emotion simply heightens the subjective sense of remembering, and that increase in the subjective ratings of vividness, recollection, and belief in accuracy does not indicate accurate memory (Talarico and Rubin 2003;Sharot et al. 2004). Experiments involving commonly used photographs as encoding and recall stimuli permit good control of confounding factors (Maratos et al. 2001) and enable rigid event-emotion coupling, but do not allow the examination of the effects of emotion alone on memory encoding. This is because the acute effects of emotion on memory recognition mask the delayed effects of emotion on memory encoding and may be expressed during memory recognition via the memory consolidation process.Emotional memory may have an independent neural background; the encoding, recognition, and consolidation processes involved in emotional memory may differ from those involved in episodic memory (Cahill et al. 1995;Squire and Alvarez 1995;Adolphs et al. 1997). Amnesic patients with unilateral hippocampal damage can achieve complex emotion-based learning, despite their inability to encode and recall episodic memory (LaBar and LeDoux 1996;Turnbull and Evans 2006). However, amnesic patients with severe bilateral hippocampal damage are incapable of emotion-based learning and episodic memory (Gupta et al. 2009). Different types of memory processes may operate in the formation of emotional episodic memory (Zola-Morgan and Squire 1990; Squire 1992); separate neural systems store memories of emotion...

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contrasting

confidence: 80%

Emotional memory persists longer than event memory

Kuriyama¹,

Soshi²,

Teruya³

et al. 2010

Learn. Mem.

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“…The French term is "effroi." 6,7 Fright is closest to the German (and Kraepelinean) concept of "schreck" as in "schrekneurosen." 8 Unfortunately, in child psychology, fright (tonic immobility, schreck, effroi) has also been referred to as "freezing."…”

Section: Freeze (Hypervigilance) Flight Fight Fright (Tonic Immobmentioning

confidence: 98%

Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Faint: Adaptationist Perspectives on the Acute Stress Response Spectrum

2004

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FOCUS POINTS• Threat-induced fainting (flaccid immobility), which often presents as blood-injection-injury type specific phobia, may have evolved as a defense response during human intragroup and intergroup warfare, rather than as a pan-mammalian defense reaction, as is currently assumed. 1,2 This initial freeze response is the "stop, look, and listen" action tendency associated with fear. Prey that remain "frozen" during threat are more likely to avoid capture, because the visual cortex and the retina of mammalian carnivores (and, to a lesser degree, of male Homo sapiens) evolved primarily for detecting moving objects and not color. 3,4 This initial freeze response is followed by attempts to flee, and then by attempts to fight; in that order (thus "flight or fight"

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“…Some studies show that the combination of serious traffic accident and the occurrence of ASD, depression, or anxiety can accelerate the development of PTSD [72,140,273]. Several studies have independently arrived at fairly similar results regarding the existence of PTSD (10-30%) within 1 year of a car accident [20,26,66,97,163); a similar prevalence has also been described for whiplash injuries [165,166].…”

Section: Psychiatric Syndromes After Traffic Accidentsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Whiplash injuries and associated disorders: new insights into an old problem

Rydevik¹,

Szpalski²,

Aebi³

et al. 2008

Eur Spine J

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SummaryThe Medical Task Force of the Swedish Society of Medicine and the Whiplash Commission has come to the following main conclusions:The term ''whiplash'' is so generally accepted that it should continue to be used, but the term ''whiplash trauma'' should only be used to refer to indirect cervical spine trauma. By deleting WAD grades 0 and IV from the classification system introduced in 1995 by the Quebec Task Force (QTF), the diagnosis of whiplash injury will be more exact and more realistically defined, which will reduce the risk of misunderstanding.The reported incidence of whiplash injuries in Sweden varies depending on the particular investigation cited, and ranges between 1.0 and 3.2/1000 per year. Whiplash injuries represent approximately 1/3 of all claims submitted after traffic injuries to insurance companies in Sweden, and give rise to a medical disability rate of 10% or more. Various studies of how the possibility of an insurance claim influences the course of a whiplash injury have produced quite different results, but generally there is no evidence of significant differences in outcome between those who have and have not sought claim.Ligament injuries can rarely be demonstrated acutely after whiplash trauma, and radiologically verified instability later in the course of the injury is also rare. Experimental studies have shown that whiplash trauma can lead to loads on discs and facet joints that might result in injury of these structures, but there is no scientific evidence to verify such injuries in patients with whiplash injury. Certain studies indicate that a dysfunction in the nervous system may exist in a small proportion of patients with whiplash injury.A series of physiological changes occurs in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems after whiplash injury, comprising peripheral as well as central sensitisation. There is no scientific evidence that such physiological changes are specific to the pain associated with whiplash injury; similar changes have been shown to occur in association with various other pain conditions, acute as well as long-term.It is likely that any previous mental ill-health and the patient's current mental state are both important for the clinical development and course of whiplash injury. To minimise the risk of long-term problems among people with acute whiplash injury, concurrently occurring acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be diagnosed and treated. It is also important to diagnose and adequately treat possible sleep disorder, depression, or anxiety among people with whiplash injury.Neck problems in terms of pain and stiffness, either with or without objective clinical findings such as decreased range of motion and tenderness at palpation (WAD grades I and II), are most common. Symptoms usually appear within the first day and up to a few days after whiplash trauma. Headache commonly occurs, along with pain in the shoulders and the thoracic spine. Neurological symptoms are present in approximately 20% of pat...

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Fright (Effroi) and other Peritraumatic Responses after a Serious Motor Vehicle Accident: Prospective Influence on Acute PTSD Development

Abstract: The immediate reactions described in criterion A2 of the DSM-IV (that is, fear, helplessness, and horror) did not seem to be equally relevant. An initial feeling of fright seems to be an essential qualitative factor in the clinical description of psychological trauma.

Cited by 48 publications

References 22 publications

Emotional memory persists longer than event memory

Emotional memory persists longer than event memory

Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Faint: Adaptationist Perspectives on the Acute Stress Response Spectrum

Whiplash injuries and associated disorders: new insights into an old problem

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