From bench to bedside: Fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel diseases clinical setting

Abstract

Fecal calprotectin (FC) has emerged as one of the most useful tools for clinical management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Many different methods of assessment have been developed and different cut-offs have been suggested for different clinical settings. We carried out a comprehensive literature review of the most relevant FC-related topics: the role of FC in discriminating between IBD and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and its use in managing IBD patients In patients with intestinal symptoms, due to the high negative predictive value a normal FC level reliably rules out active IBD. In IBD patients a correlation with both mucosal healing and histology was found, and there is increasing evidence that FC assessment can be helpful in monitoring disease activity and response to therapy as well as in predicting relapse, post-operative recurrence or pouchitis. Recently, its use in the context of a treat-to-target approach led to a better outcome than clinically-based therapy adjustment in patients with early Crohn’s disease. In conclusion, FC measurement represents a cheap, safe and reliable test, easy to perform and with a good reproducibility. The main concerns are still related to the choice of the optimal cut-off, both for differentiating IBD from IBS, and for the management of IBD patients.

Inhibition of Cav3.2 calcium channels: A new target for colonic hypersensitivity associated with low‐grade inflammation

“…However, low‐grade inflammation was observed in this model, while no morphological signs of inflammation and anatomical alterations were detected, and the sensitive marker faecal Lcn‐2 was increased in this model, as previously described (Chassaing et al, ). Such low‐grade inflammation has been described in patients (Ford & Talley, ; Linedale & Andrews, ; Mumolo et al, ; Vivinus‐Nébot et al, ).…”

Plasma AXIN1 expression exhibit negative correlations with inflammatory biomarkers and is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in endometriosis

“…The (37). F-calprotectin has been reported as a marker for the differentiation between IBS and inflammatory bowel diseases (16,17), and as a potential biomarker for the severity of IBS (12). Measurable F-calprotectin levels were most often noted in participants who experienced incomplete evacuation when defecating, and in participants with a higher degree of constipation.…”

“…The plasma levels of calprotectin have been hypothesized to serve an important role in a number of gynaecological conditions, including cervical inflammation (14,15). F-calprotectin is the biomarker with the highest sensitivity for local inflammation in the GI tract (16,17). To the best of our knowledge, calprotectin has not been previously measured in faecal samples of patients with endometriosis, although intestinal involvement is often noted in this disease (3,4).…”

Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Diverticular Disease

“…It is released from cells during cell activation or death, and it is stable in feces for several days after excretion [38]. This has been shown to be a sensitive marker of activity both in CD and in Ulcerative Colitis (UC); it is the stronger inflammatory marker predictor of relapse in those people as well [39].…”

“…It is a common finding especially in developed countries: by the age of 85, the large majority of the population living in developed countries will have developed colonic diverticula [1]. Recent ?epidemiology studies found different prevalence in European countries according to socioeconomic status: countries with a lower socioeconomic status report a 5.3% frequency of diverticulosis in patients aged [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]8.7% in those aged [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]19.4% between 50 and 59, and up to 29.6% in subjects over the seventh decade, while maximal incidences were found in patients aged 70-79 and above 80 of 40.2% and 57.9%, respectively [2]. Although diverticulosis prevalence in Africa and Asia remains low, more recent epidemiology studies found its prevalence increasing also in the developing world, probably because of changes in lifestyle [2].…”