From brain drain to brain gain: reverse migration to Bangalore and Hyderabad, India’s globalizing high tech cities

Strong or weak ties? British and Indian expatriate scientists finding jobs in Boston

“…Although there is a fairly extensive literature on how gender, race and class affect individuals obtaining jobs (Pratt and Hanson 1994;Hanson 2000;Chapple 2002;McDowell 2005;Squires and Kubrin 2005;Gray et al 2007;McDowell 2007), there has been less analysis of migrants (Bagchi 2001;Bashi 2007;Ooka and Wellman 2003;Poros 2001). Furthermore, there is an extensive literature on expatriates (Beaverstock 2002(Beaverstock , 2004(Beaverstock , 2005Saxenian 2002Saxenian , 2006Baláž and Williams 2004;Williams and Baláž 2005;Walsh 2006;Williams 2006;Scott 2006Scott , 2007Larner 2007;Chacko 2007), but little has been written about how highly skilled migrants find jobs. This is important because some migrant groups may prove to have a strategic advantage or disadvantage over other groups and the local indigenous population.…”

Indian Skilled Migration and Development: An Introduction

“…Evidence has shown that while the effects of return migration are context specific insofar as they depend on the nature of the environments to which migrants return, they are also associated with individual factors such as the migrants' age and activity profile, the length of stay abroad and the type and nature of their return (Wickramasekara 2003;Kapur and McHale 2005). The most documented issues influencing the possibility of applying the knowledge and expertise of migrants to the local context of their home country after their return include the sector of activity, the type of professional engagement (self-employed or employees), the match between qualifications and labour market requirements and the particular location that migrants return to (King 2000;Iredale et al 2003;Cassarino 2004;Chacko 2007).…”

“…It has been documented that these returnees are pulled by the economic, career, entrepreneurial and business opportunities that they see in India and by the chance to access local markets. Diverse research shows that together with family ties, a feeling of patriotism acts as an additional driving force motivating their return (Chacko 2007;Finegold et al 2011). There are also some push factors at play and these include economic downturn in the destination countries which results in job insecurity, and the end of temporary contracts (Chanda and Sreenivasan 2006).…”

“…Several studies see returning Indian professionals and entrepreneurs as having an important role to play in the socio-economic development of India, and these studies emphasise the transfer of advanced technical skills, managerial know-how and financial assets which they deploy in their professional activities, entrepreneurial ventures and investments, and in the creation of jobs (Kapur 2002;Saxenian 2005Saxenian , 2006Chacko 2007). Nanda and Khanna (2010) show how overseas experience allows Indian entrepreneurs to gain access to business and financial opportunities.…”

Knowledge Transfers Through Diaspora Transnationalism and Return Migration: A Case Study of Indian Skilled Migrants

“…Various empirical studies have observed that the individual migrant profi le and patterns of migration, together with the socioeconomic conditions and structural environment in the home country, determine the level of overseas knowledge and expertise shared on return (Black et al 2003 ;Iredale et al 2003 ;Siddiqui and Tejada 2014 ). Other infl uential factors include migrants' sector and type of professional activity, and the match between their qualifi cations and the labour market requirements in the home country (Biswas 2014 ;Chacko 2007 ;CODEV et al 2013 ;Gmelch 1980 ;King 1986King , 2000Kumar et al 2014 ). Furthermore, returnee contributions depend on the context of return (Cassarino 2004 ;De Haas 2008 ;Iredale et al 2003 ;Kumar et al 2014 ).…”