From catalyst structure design to electrode fabrication of platinum-free electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A review

Transforming Cigarette Wastes into Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst: Does Each Component Behave Differently? An Experimental Evaluation

“…The N‐coordinated Fe was also identified in a similar amount for all samples ( ca . 5 rel %) and no metallic phases were found, which corroborates the atomically dispersed nature of iron [85] …”

“…5 rel %) and no metallic phases were found, which corroborates the atomically dispersed nature of iron. [85]…”

Unlocking the potential of NiCo2O4 nanocomposites: morphology modification based on urea concentration and hydrothermal and calcination temperature

“…As a result, the appropriate shape and size of the electrocatalyst should be in a way that does not block the pore sites of the substrate, allowing water and generated oxygen to pass easily without adding additional resistance to the system and, more crucially, improving electrocatalytic activity. 23…”

“…As a result, the appropriate shape and size of the electrocatalyst should be in a way that does not block the pore sites of the substrate, allowing water and generated oxygen to pass easily without adding additional resistance to the system and, more crucially, improving electrocatalytic activity. 23 A variety of techniques to synthesize NiCo 2 O 4 spinel have been developed, including hydroxide decomposition, 24 nano casting, 25 electrodeposition, 26 coprecipitation, 27 and hydrothermal synthesis. 28 Among these methods, hydrothermal synthesis seems suitable for controlling the shape and producing a catalyst that can be used for deposition onto the surface of different substrates.…”

Ultra-Low Loading of Iron Oxide and Platinum on CVD-Graphene Composites as Effective Electrode Catalysts for Solid Acid Fuel Cells

“…Several new types of platinum-based electrocatalysts supported on high surface area carbon materials are the current practical catalyst technology of choice for SAFCs, but are still in development [24,25]. The elimination of platinum from electrode catalysts is clearly preferred [26][27][28][29][30], but has been challenging due to the limited number of electrocatalyst candidates (non-precious metal-based and metal-free) with decent prospects for high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability in the acidic medium [18]. Most of the already reported non-precious metal catalysts for ORR exhibit high activity and long-term stability towards ORR in basic media [31].…”