From Cell to Battery System in BEVs: Analysis of System Packing Efficiency and Cell Types

Löbberding, Hendrik; Wessel, Stefan; Offermanns, Christian; Kehrer, Mario; Rother, Johannes; Heimes, Heiner Hans; Kampker, Achim

doi:10.3390/wevj11040077

Cited by 98 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Although at the beginning it was intended to cover a wide variation of ICE downsizing degree, preliminary simulations showed that a further reduction of ICE power leads to a high battery capacity, exceeding 40 kWh, that in turn leads to high initial costs and could possibly not comply with packaging requirements (∼200 Wh/L energy density [45]). On the contrary, R values very close to 1 were not investigated since all the hybrid system components would be needed anyway, increasing tractor complexity and cost without leading to significant operating costs savings.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis

et al. 2022

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In recent years electrification of agricultural machinery vehicles is gaining interest from the manufacturers point of view to meet the emission reduction targets set by several authorities. Some studies have already investigated the topic, however, none of them have dealt with the challenges of agricultural machinery electrification in a general and methodical way. This paper presents a method to evaluate the economic feasibility of tractor powertrain electrification based on life cycle cost analysis. For a parallel hybrid, the best combustion engine downsizing, among some discrete values, was evaluated. The methodology was applied to three case studies with different power levels and operating cycles: a 76 kW orchard tractor, a 175 kW row crop tractor with medium duty use, and a 210 kW row crop tractor with heavy duty use. Fuel and electrical energy consumption were estimated through simulation. A range of powertrain components prices and fuel and electrical energy prices was taken into account, in order to cover price uncertainty and to show its effects. The results show that operating cost savings decrease when more power-intensive operations are performed. Considering a combination of system and energy prices deemed realistic by the authors, the operating cost savings, respectively for orchard, row crop medium duty, and row crop heavy duty, are approximately 8%, 3%, and 0.5%, which result in 6%, 1%, and 0.1% life cycle cost savings. Thus, powertrain electrification of high-power tractors should probably be avoided.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis

et al. 2022

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Section: Recycling Of Future Batteries—current Approaches and Challen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Neumann

Petraniková

Meeus

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

432

186

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Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.

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“…In most eVTOL configurations, the battery usually accounts for approximately one third of TOW. According to the Vahana manufacturer, the battery provides a capacity of 38 kW h § , while an energy density at system level of 166.6 W h kg −1 is extrapolated from the recent development [20], leading to a battery weight of 228.1 kg. For other components, several assumptions were made by the manufacturer during trade studies ¶ .…”

Section: Flight Mechanics Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Tilt-Wing Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Vehicles

May

Milz

Looye

2022

AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum

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Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft enable new transport options in regional and urban air mobility. One promising but only little investigated and understood subcategory comprises tilt-wing eVTOLs. They offer high efficiency and long flight ranges but come with a trade-off in increased complexity. Consequently, a critical step towards market entry is the development of mature and safe hybrid pilot-autonomy control systems, including fault detection, identification, and recovery (FDIR) concepts. That requires a mid-fidelity dynamic model with sufficient accuracy, which is not yet available despite a long history of tilt-wing research. Without a representative model, no detailed analysis and identification of a trimmed transition trajectory could be performed. This, however, is a crucial step in the development of a control system. We approach the problem by applying and combining current modeling approaches. Furthermore, a trim analysis of different flight phases, including the transition, is conducted. The identified model lays the foundation for a representative and detailed development and investigation of future control designs, bringing tilt-wing eVTOLs closer to airworthiness.

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From Cell to Battery System in BEVs: Analysis of System Packing Efficiency and Cell Types

Cited by 98 publications

References 8 publications

Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Tilt-Wing Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Vehicles

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