From centralisation to fragmentation and back again: the role of non-state actors in Brazil’s transformed foreign policy

Brazil’s Strategic Diplomacy Failures and Foreign Policy Underachievement under Bolsonaro

“…Towards the end of the twentieth century in Brazil, economic and political liberalisation made it increasingly difficult to keep foreign policy limited to elite interests, preferences and influence. As a result, societal interest in foreign policy grew markedly, which also impacted the foreign policy-making process and decisions (Cardoso 2019;Doctor 2017;Farias and Ramanzini Junior 2015;Lopes 2017;Milani and Pinheiro 2017). Interestingly, this had the potential to negatively impact the potential for strategic diplomacy.…”

Development banks as instruments of Brazilian strategic diplomacy

“…), the academic literature paid increasing attention to the more prominent foreign policy interests and role of societal actors in Brazil. It underlined the growing relevance of civil society organisations and activist networks, including those representing business, labour and social movements (Lima and Milani 2014;Boito & Berringer 2014;Milani and Pinheiro 2017;Doctor 2017;Cardoso 2019).…”