From circle to rectangle. Evolution of the architectural plan in the early Neolithic in the Near East

Abstract

Transformation of the plan seems to be one of the most fundamental characteristics of architectural evolution during the PPNA stage. It starts with simple round monocellular structures and ends with the invention of modular subrectangular ones, divided into many rooms. However, the evolution of some types of buildings in different regions of the Fertile Crescent was varied in pace. A major question are the main factors causing such regional differences. This paper presents a basic typology of early Neolithic structures and their regional diversification, which could result from individual dynamics of the development of original types stimulated by regionally invented practical and technical solutions. Two variants of the process were distinguished. The first is the evolution from a primitive shelter to open, free-standing durable forms of round houses. The other variant was the development from shelters to large round subterranean houses. Different regions of the Near East adopted one of these two variants. Each featured specific traits and determined further regional development of plan.

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“…The power of this shape is manifested further when related to magic or religion, guided by mathematical perfection, therefore, acquiring symbolic and sacred purposes in architecture and urban design [12]. Distinctive and well-known examples of integrating the circle into architectural and city design are found as early as in the Greek cities, with the statue of Athena Promachos "asserted the circle of presence of the goddess over the ancient city of Athens" [13], while other examples of cities integrate their planning organization through the shape of a perfect circle, as found in The Round City of Baghdad and the Old City of Shanghai.…”

“…Historically, circular forms at the global level have been employed throughout entire eras, evident as early as in the early Neolithic era in the Near East, "with simple round monocellular structures" [15]. From ancient Roman times, the Vesta temple, as described by Vitruvius, implements a few circular features such as "a round cella, a circle of columns, and the hemispherical dome of the cella" [13,15]. Bramante added to the integration of the circle as a distinctive architectural shape through "the way in which the drum and dome project beyond the ring of columns", portraying an ascent of the martyr's soul [15].…”