From CSR1 to CSR2

Abstract

This 1978 paper outlines a conceptual transition in business and society scholarship, from the philosophical-ethical concept of corporate social responsibility (corporations' obligation to work for social betterment) to the action-oriented managerial concept of corporate social responsiveness (the capacity of a corporation to respond to social pressure). Implications of this shift include a reduction in business defensiveness, an increased emphasis on techniques for managing social responsiveness, more empirical research on business and society relationships and constraints on corporate responsiveness, a continued need to clarify business responsibilities, and a need to work toward more dynamic theories of values and social change.

A Bibliometric Analysis of 30 Years of Research and Theory on Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Performance

“…The epistemological Table 7 Word Pair Frequencies CSP 1976to 19811982to 19871994 2000 same phenomenon can be observed for CSP. In the growth of the CSR/ CSP literature, there is an increasing integration with regular business and management studies as the publications in mainstream management journals show.…”

The "Virtuous Circle" Between Corporate Social Performance and Corporate Financial Performance in the European Banking Sector

“…During the 1970s the search for responsibilities that companies should deploy in particular situations, without an ethical foundation, was emphasized (Frederick, 1994). This lack of the ethical basis has been filled by Carroll (1979) who identified four specific CSR domains (economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary), to which he attributes the social problems that the company should face (consumerism, environment, discrimination, product safety and shareholder).…”

CSR initiatives by companies for employees through social protection measures

“…Debates on CSR revolved around what theories are most suitable for companies to justify the basis of their CSR activities. It is argued that CSR should firstly be viewed as "corporations' obligations" to work for social betterment [12,13]. As such, CSR should move from a philosophical approach to a managerial approach by enabling CSR through "corporate social responsiveness" [12].…”

“…It is argued that CSR should firstly be viewed as "corporations' obligations" to work for social betterment [12,13]. As such, CSR should move from a philosophical approach to a managerial approach by enabling CSR through "corporate social responsiveness" [12]. Embracing this form of CSR will allow the corporation to react to social forces that introduces the notion of "corporate social rectitude" [13].…”