This article surveys the last hundred years of scholarship on individual and
collective selfhood in the disciplines dedicated to the European, Byzantine,
and Arabic Middle Ages. To keep the project circumscribed, it focuses on the
expression of the ?national? and the ?individual? self through language and
literature as embedded in concrete social, economic, and political
circumstances. The older, bigger, and more mature field among the three (the
study of the European Middle Ages) provided the other two with model
questions and methods of answering them. The purpose of the paper is to
identify where and why these three scholarly disciplines adopted similar
approaches and conclusions, as well as where and why they did not. This is
offered as a tool through which to test whether ?East? and ?West? are best
understood as distinct civilizational blocks that can be evaluated and
ranked in terms of their importance for and moral impact on world history.