Conspectus
Nanosynthesis is the art of creating nanostructures,
with on-demand
synthesis as the ultimate goal. Noble metal nanoparticles have wide
applications, but the available synthetic methods are still limited,
often giving nanospheres and symmetrical nanocrystals. The fundamental
reason is that the conventional weak ligands are too labile to influence
the materials deposition, so the equivalent facets always grow equivalently.
Considering that the ligands are the main synthetic handles in colloidal
synthesis, our group has been exploring strong ligands for new growth
modes, giving a variety of sophisticated nanostructures. The model
studies often involve metal deposition on seeds functionalized with
a certain strong ligand, so that the uneven distribution of the surface
ligands could guide the subsequent deposition.
In this Account,
we focus on the design principles underlying the
new growth modes, summarizing our efforts in this area along with
relevant literature works. The basics of ligand control are first
revisited. Then, the four major growth modes are summarized as follows:
(1) The curvature effects would divert the materials deposition away
from the high-curvature tips when the ligands are insufficient. With
ligands fully covering the seeds, the sparser ligand packing at the
tips would then promote the initial nucleation thereon. (2) The strong
ligands may get trapped under the incoming metal layer, thus modulating
the interfacial energy of the core–shell interface. The evidence
for embedded ligands is discussed, along with examples of Janus nanostructures
arising from the synthetic control, including metal–metal,
metal–semiconductor, and metal–C60 systems
using a variety of ligands. (3) Active surface growth is an unusual
mode with divergent growth rates, so that part of the emerging surface
is inhibited, and the growth is focused onto a few active sites. With
seeds attached to oxide substrates, the selective deposition at the
metal–substrate interface produces ultrathin nanowires. The
synthesis can be generally applied to grow Au, Ag, Pd, Pt, and hybrid
nanowires, with straight, spiral, or helical structures, and even
rapid alteration of segments via electrochemical methods. In contrast,
active surface growth for colloidal nanoparticles has to be more carefully
controlled. The rich growth phenomena are discussed, highlighting
the role of strong ligands, the control of deposition rates, the chiral
induction, and the evidence for the active sites. (4) An active site
with sparse ligands could also be exploited in etching, where the
freshly exposed surface would promote further etching. The result
is an unusual sharpening etching mode, in contrast to the conventional
rounding mode for minimized surface energy.
Colloidal nanosynthesis
holds great promise for scalable on-demand
synthesis, providing the crucial nanomaterials for future explorations.
The strong ligands have delivered powerful synthetic controls, which
could be further enhanced with in-depth studies on growth mechanisms
and synthetic strat...