“…Packard (2016), among others, has suggested that the Geneva institutions championed social medicine's programme of broader, systemic social and economic reforms, in sharp contrast with the outlook of the PASB and the IHD, which tended to support laboratory research and narrow, technical public health interventions, especially against infectious and vector-borne disease. Yet during the 1930s and 1940s the US supported the expansion of welfare states in Latin America, by promoting its own model of social security developed during Roosevelt's New Deal (Cohen, 1942;Jensen, 2011;Singleton, 2012). No doubt, the US exercised outsized influence in the PASB, but at the regular Pan-American Sanitary Conferences, US representatives exercised only loose control over the meeting agendas, and these meetings became a forum for discussion of a wide range of policy approaches, including some inspired in social medicine.…”