“…According to their position on the anteroposterior axis, migration behavior and differentiation potential, migrating NC cells are divided into cranial, vagal (including cardiac), trunk and sacral NC cells ( Yntema and Hammond, 1954 ; Le Douarin and Teillet, 1974 ; Noden, 1975 , 1978a ; reviewed by Rothstein et al, 2018 ). Cranial NC cells firstly undergo EMT and form a range of craniofacial cell types and tissues such as peripheral nerves, melanocytes, thyroid cells, teeth and most of the craniofacial skeleton ( Johnston, 1966 ; Noden, 1978a , b ; Baker et al, 1997 ; see reviews from Graham et al, 2004 ; Kaltschmidt et al, 2012 ; Rocha et al, 2020 for overview; Figure 3A ). Vagal NC cells give rise to enteric neurons and glia forming the enteric nervous system of the foregut and stomach, while an anterior localized subset, the cardiac NC cells, contributes to septation of the outflow tract in the developing heart ( Phillips et al, 1987 ; Burns and Douarin, 1998 ).…”