Microbial biofilms are a problem in many areas of medicine. When the vaginal ecological system is disturbed, well-structured polymicrobial biofilm, covering the vaginal epithelium and consisting of anaerobic bacteria, is formed, which may lead to the development of recurrent bacterial vaginosis. During an ascending infection and the development of chronic endometritis, bacterial biofilms are detected in the endometrium. Biofilms formed by bacteria residing in the urogenital tract of woman, may result in dysfunctions of the reproductive system, in-vitro fertilization failures, complications of pregnancy, adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the paper, literature data regarding causes of of biofilm formation, methods of detection and treatment of biofilm infections are reviewed.