From ion exchange resins to polymer‐supported reagents: an evolution of critical variables

Abstract

The concept of immobilizing ligands onto cross‐linked polymer supports is presented as an evolution of a concept that begins with ion exchange resins and evolves into ion‐selective polymers, polymer‐supported catalysts, and the general area of polymer‐supported reagents. Each of the four categories of polymers is defined by a set of major variables {electrostatic attraction (for ion exchange resins); steric, geometric, and electronic factors (for ion‐selective polymers); attracting and orienting reactants, and stabilizing the transition state (for polymer‐supported catalysts); and binding reactants with weak or strong forces (for polymer‐supported reagents)} and of minor variables {pH, concentration, competing ions, counterions, ionic strength, hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, hydration energies, and polymer crosslink level}. The rational design of each category will require identifying the relationships between major and minor variables and applying the principles inherent to complexity science will be an important focus of future research. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Innovative Separations Research and Development Needs for Advanced Fuel Cycles

“…A significant advantage of polymer-based materials is that they can be designed to be both cation and anion ionexchangers. The latter is relevant because several radionuclides of interest are anionic in nature ( 99 MoO 4 2and 99 TcO 4 -) The concept of immobilizing selective ligands onto cross-linked polymer supports takes the development of ion-exchange resins to the next level and is a fertile area for research (Alexandratos 2018). Immobilizing custom ion-binding ligands onto cross-linked polymer supports is attractive for developing a more effective generation of materials with high capacity and chemical selectivity.…”

Sustainable Recycling of Copper from Printed Circuit Boards with Iminodiacetamide Resin─Transformation from Electronic Scrap to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

“…32 Further improvement to this methodology is achieved through immobilizing ligands onto cross-linked polymer supports through chemical bonding wherein the selectivity for a particular metal ion is introduced by a chosen ligand. 33 Thus, various metal-selective ligand-immobilized/-grafted resin were reported. 34−36 With this work, we hereby report the novel application of the iminodiacetamide (IDA) resin 36 developed by us for selective separation and recovery of Cu from PCBs and its direct transformation to CuO NPs.…”

“…environmental compatibility, ease of operation, and recyclability, which have led to the development of numerous ion-exchange resins . Further improvement to this methodology is achieved through immobilizing ligands onto cross-linked polymer supports through chemical bonding wherein the selectivity for a particular metal ion is introduced by a chosen ligand . Thus, various metal-selective ligand-immobilized/-grafted resin were reported. − …”

Effects of Solvent Polarity on the Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones with a Hydrazide-Bound Scavenger Resin

“…Other class of polymer reagents are for the scavenging of substances in solutions, in which it is used after the reaction occurred for the removal of impurities and byproducts. 5−7 Over the past years, polymer-supported reagents containing hydrazine or semicarbazide groups have been extensively studied and used in various applications to scavenge carbonyl compounds from solutions. 8−14 To investigate the possibility of a novel and low-cost resin for the scavenging of aldehyde and ketones, we previously investigated the synthesis of a resin, named Amb15-Iso, which was obtained from the reaction between a commercial acid resin (Amberlyst-15) and isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, CAS: 54-85-3), a drug for tuberculosis treatment.…”

“…For example, polymer reagents have been used in industry, especially in the pharmaceutical industry, as catalytic and stoichiometric reagents in the synthesis of nucleotides and peptides. − In these cases, the polymers were directly involved in the reaction. Other class of polymer reagents are for the scavenging of substances in solutions, in which it is used after the reaction occurred for the removal of impurities and byproducts. − Over the past years, polymer-supported reagents containing hydrazine or semicarbazide groups have been extensively studied and used in various applications to scavenge carbonyl compounds from solutions. − To investigate the possibility of a novel and low-cost resin for the scavenging of aldehyde and ketones, we previously investigated the synthesis of a resin, named Amb15-Iso, which was obtained from the reaction between a commercial acid resin (Amberlyst-15) and isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, CAS: 54-85-3), a drug for tuberculosis treatment . Amb15-Iso is a low-cost resin and has the ability to remove aldehydes and ketones from solutions in a single-step reaction.…”