Although institutional recognition of high school psychology is fairly recent, psychology and psychological subject matters have a history dating to at least the 1830s. By the middle of the twentieth century, high school psychology courses existed in nearly all U.S. states, and enrollments grew throughout the second half of the century. However, courses were usually elective, and most teachers lacked degrees in psychology. Studies in the latter half of the twentieth century suggested that high school psychology courses did little to prepare students for college-level psychology, probably because the high school classes often did not include core subject matters of psychological science. However, the 1990s brought several landmark developments for high school psychology, including establishment of Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools (TOPPS), a number of university-sponsored institutes providing professional development for teachers, and inauguration of the Advanced Placement (AP) Psychology program. Today, high school psychology teachers enjoy increased recognition within the American Psychological Association (APA), availability of significant teaching resources, and national standards to guide course development. A million students annually take high school psychology, with about a quarter million taking the AP Psychology exam. The course is now recognized as an important first exposure to psychological science.
Keywords high school psychology, Advanced Placement ExamMore than a century ago, Ebbinghaus (1908/1973) famously noted that psychology had a long past, but a short history. Although he was commenting on the broader discipline of psychological science, Ebbinghaus, if he were writing today, might express the same sentiment concerning high school psychology. After all, the relatively recent creation in 1992 of the American Psychological Association (APA)-affiliated Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools (TOPSS; Weaver, 2005) and the College Board Advanced Placement (AP) Psychology exam (Benjamin, 2001) might suggest a fairly brief history for psychology in high schools. Yet, secondary school psychology has a past that predated James's (1890) classic Principles of Psychology by at least several decades (Roback, 1952), with the teaching of high school classes in ''mental philosophy'' a half century before publication of the Principles (Rolison & Medway, 1982). According to Roback, numerous textbooks existed for these courses, selling perhaps a half million or more copies in the years 1831-1881.Thus, although high school psychology has sometimes failed to receive sufficient notice from many in the wider circle of psychological science, it is not a new idea; in fact, secondary schools were teaching psychological content before the founding of many American colleges and universities. In this article, prepared in recognition of the 40th anniversary of Teaching of Psychology (ToP), our purpose is not to provide an extensive history of high school psychology, but instead to focus on its development and...