From lignin to valuable products–strategies, challenges, and prospects

Wang, Hongliang; Pu, Yunqiao; Ragauskas, Arthur J.; Yang, Bin

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.072

Cited by 678 publications

(391 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…It is mainly composed of phenylpropanoid units. A lot of research is currently underway to obtain valuable chemicals, for example, phenols, from lignin [28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation

et al. 2020

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Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a crucial step for the production of sugars and biobased platform chemicals. Pretreatment experiments in a semi-continuous plant with diluted sulphuric acid as catalyst were carried out to measure the time-dependent formation of sugars (glucose, xylose, mannose), furfurals, and organic acids (acetic, formic, and levulinic acid) at different hydrolysis temperatures (180, 200, 220 °C) of one representative of each basic type of lignocellulose: hardwood, softwood, and grass. The addition of the acid catalyst is followed by a sharp increase in the sugar concentration. Xylose and mannose were mainly formed in the initial stages of the process, while glucose was released slowly. Increasing the reaction temperature had a positive effect on the formation of furfurals and organic acids, especially on hydroxymehtylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid, regardless of biomass type. In addition, large amounts of formic acid were released during the hydrolysis of miscanthus grass. Structural changes in the solid residue show a complete hydrolysis of hemicellulose at 180 °C and of cellulose at 200 °C after around 120 min reaction time. The results obtained in this study can be used for the optimisation of the hydrolysis conditions and reactor design to maximise the yields of desired products, which might be sugars or furfurals.

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“…It is mainly composed of phenylpropanoid units. A lot of research is currently underway to obtain valuable chemicals, for example, phenols, from lignin [28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation

et al. 2020

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“…In spite of extensive research, there are several potential difficulties associated with expanding the use of lignins for a wider number of industrial materials and products. The difficulties in lignin valorization are mainly attributed to the complexity and recalcitrance structure of lignins, and the high reactivity of the degraded fractions of lignins, which are prone to condensation reactions [6]. However, these condensation reactions may be useful in the preparation of various polymeric materials, composites, hydrogels, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft Lignins

Ház

Jablonský

Šurina

et al. 2019

Forests

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Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.

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“…As a renewable resource with low cost, wide accessibility, speedy regeneration, and environmental friendliness, biomass has been widely applied to the preparation of carbon‐based energy materials in the last decade . In particular, lignin, representing up to 40% of the weight of trees and other lignocellulosic biomass, comprises a cheap and non‐toxic group of phenolic polymers composed of phenyl skeletons and oxygen‐containing branches, the largest natural source of aromatics, and one of the most abundant byproducts of the papermaking industry and biorefineries . Due to its unique polymeric structure, lignin is an excellent carbonaceous precursor for producing high‐performance carbon materials such as graphene .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin‐derived electrochemical energy materials and systems

Jiang

Wang

et al. 2020

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Electrode and electrolyte materials with higher performance, longer life, and lower cost need to be developed, given the substantial growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy systems. Lignin, the second most abundant natural polymer, has been successfully demonstrated to be a viable precursor or feedstock for the preparation of high-performance electrochemical energy materials and components such as electrodes, electrolyte additives, membrane separators, and binders. Moreover, techno-economic analyses indicate that it is possible to prepare cost-effective carbon structures from lignin at engineering scale, in contrast with current carbon products. These facts suggest that the scalable conversion of lignin into high-value energy materials will offer a promising pathway to not only promote the utilization and valorization of lignin but also boost the development of advanced electrochemical energy systems. This review examines cutting-edge renewable energy materials derived from various lignin compounds and Review: Lignin to energy materials X Wu et al.their applications in electrochemical energy systems with an emphasis on supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Meanwhile, this review also aims to carve out the critical barriers for lignin-derived high-performance materials for energy applications, and to identify viable approaches for the synthesis of sustainable new energy materials.

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From lignin to valuable products–strategies, challenges, and prospects

Cited by 678 publications

References 149 publications

Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation

Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Sugars and Furfurals Formation

Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft Lignins

Lignin‐derived electrochemical energy materials and systems

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