From Mirrors to Free-Space Optical Communication—Historical Aspects in Data Transmission

Garlińska, M.; Pręgowska, Agnieszka; Masztalerz, Karol; Osial, Magdalena

doi:10.3390/fi12110179

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Some innovative fruition modalities of cultural heritage sites have been discussed in the survey in [9], where the authors propose an approach based on User Localization, Multimodal Interaction, User Understanding, and Gamification. Lastly, the research domain related to the Free-Space Optical Communication (FSOC) has been taken into account in the survey proposed in [10].…”

Section: Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless Internet, Multimedia, and Artificial Intelligence: New Applications and Infrastructures

2021

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The potential offered by the Internet, combined with the enormous number of connectable devices, offers benefits in many areas of our modern societies, both public and private. The possibility of making heterogeneous devices communicate with each other through the Internet has given rise to a constantly growing scenario, which was unthinkable not long ago. This unstoppable growth takes place thanks to the continuous availability of increasingly sophisticated device features, an ever-increasing bandwidth and reliability of the connections, and the ever-lower consumption of the devices, which grants them long autonomy. This scenario of exponential growth also involves other sectors such as, for example, that of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which offers us increasingly sophisticated approaches that can be synergistically combined with wireless devices and the Internet in order to create powerful applications for everyday life. Precisely for the aforementioned reasons, the community of researchers, year by year, dedicates more time and resources in this direction. It should be observed that this happens in an atypical way concerning the other research fields, and this is because the achieved progress and the developed applications have practical applications in numerous and different domains.

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Section: Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless Internet, Multimedia, and Artificial Intelligence: New Applications and Infrastructures

2021

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“…When employed in 5G cellular backhaul networks, its numerous advantages include: flexible network connectivity, secure transmission, high data throughput, ease of installation, relative low cost of deployment, immunity to electromagnetic interference, licensefree spectrum, low latency communication, low bit error rate (BER), etc. [5]. Despite these numerous merits, the performance of FSO links is severely affected by weather constraints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial Free Space Optical Communication Systems Availability based on Meteorological Visibility Data for South Africa

2022

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In spite of the numerous advantages of employing free space optical (FSO) communication systems as viable complementary platforms for next-generation networks, the presence of atmospheric disturbances such as fog and scintillations are major sources of signal impairment which degrade system performance. Consequently, it becomes imperative to investigate and contextualize the unique climatic conditions in those locations where FSO links are to be deployed. Statistical evaluation of meteorological visibility data collected for various cities in South Africa is thus hereby employed in estimating the availability performance of FSO links transmitting at both 850 nm and 1550 nm. It is determined that the cities of Mbombela and Cape Town have the lowest performance due to the high occurrence of fog events as compared to other regions in South Africa. During foggy periods, FSO links in Mbombela and Cape Town would have availabilities of ~99.6% for link distances of 500 and 600 metres, respectively. The bit error rate (BER) estimations of intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) FSO links in the presence of weak atmospheric turbulence were also investigated for the identified locations during foggy weather; with the cities of Mafikeng and Kimberley showing the lowest BER performances because of their high wind velocities, altitudes and refractive index values. In order to obtain a BER of 10 -6 , receive signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) values ranging from ~46 to ~51 dB are required for FSO links deployed for data transmission in the various cities investigated in this work.

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“…Several factors can significantly reduce the transmission efficiency, in particular, physical obstructions, rain [8], temperature fluctuations in different air layers [9], geometric losses [10], absorption [11], atmospheric turbulence [12][13][14], and atmosphere attenuation and scattering [15]. In commercial FSO communication systems, strictly defined wavelengths of approximately 0.8 µm and 1.5 µm are used [16,17]. Their selection is dependent on the characteristics of the atmosphere's attenuation and the availability of sources and detectors of optical radiation [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of the Free Space Optics Communication System Operating in the 8–12 µm Spectral Range

et al. 2021

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(1) Background: Free space optics communication (FSO) has improved wireless communication and data transfer thanks to high bandwidth, low power consumption, energy efficiency, a high transfer capacity, and a wide applicability field. The FSO systems also have their limitations, including weather conditions and obstacles in the way of transmission. (2) Methods: This research assesses the atmospheric conditions’ influence on the intensity of received radiation, both experimentally and theoretically. The construction of a laboratory test stand of the FSO system, which is operating in the third-atmosphere transmission window (8–12 µm), is proposed. Next, considering different atmospheric conditions, the experimental validation was conducted, both in a laboratory and real conditions. (3) Results: The measurements were carried out for two optical links working with wavelengths of 1.5 µm and 10 µm. It was found that optical radiation with a wavelength of about 10 µm is characterized by better transmission properties in the case of limited visibility (e.g., light rain and fogs) than in the case of near-infrared waves. The same conclusion was found in analytical investigations. (4) Conclusions: The results obtained show that optical radiation with a wavelength of about 10 µm in limited visibility is characterized by better transmission properties than near-infrared waves. This demonstrates the validity of designing FSO links operating in the range 8–12 µm band, e.g., based on quantum cascade lasers and HgCdTe photodiodes.

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From Mirrors to Free-Space Optical Communication—Historical Aspects in Data Transmission

Cited by 39 publications

References 77 publications

Wireless Internet, Multimedia, and Artificial Intelligence: New Applications and Infrastructures

Wireless Internet, Multimedia, and Artificial Intelligence: New Applications and Infrastructures

Terrestrial Free Space Optical Communication Systems Availability based on Meteorological Visibility Data for South Africa

Experimental Study of the Free Space Optics Communication System Operating in the 8–12 µm Spectral Range

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