From outcrop to reservoir simulation model: Workflow and procedures

Abstract

Advances in data capture and computer technology have made possible the collection of three-dimensional, high-resolution, digital geological data from outcrop analogs. This paper presents new methodologies for the acquisition and utilization of three-dimensional information generated by groundbased laser scanning (lidar) of outcrops. A complete workfl ow is documented-from outcrop selection through data collection, processing and building of virtual outcropsto geological interpretation and the building of geocellular models using an industry-standard, reservoir-modeling software. Data sets from the Roda Sandstone in the Spanish Pyrenees and the Grabens region of Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA, are used to illustrate the application of the workfl ow to sedimentary and structural problems at a reservoir scale. Subsurface reservoir models are limited by available geological data. Outcrop analogs from comparable systems, such as the Roda Sandstone and the Grabens, are commonly used to provide additional input to models of the subsurface. Outcrop geocellular models can be analyzed both statically and dynamically, wherein static examination involves visual inspection and the extraction of quantitative data on body geometry, and dynamic investigation involves the simulation of fl uid fl ow through the analog model. The work presented in this study demonstrates the utility of lidar as a data collection technique for the building of more accurate outcrop-based geocellular models. The aim of this publication is to present the fi rst documentation of a complete workfl ow that extends from outcrop selection to model investigation through the presentation of two worked data sets.

LiDAR, UAV or compass-clinometer? Accuracy, coverage and the effects on structural models

“…These detailed 3D reconstructions of outcrop geology are applied to a broad range of studies, including sedimentology and stratigraphy (e.g., Hodgetts et al, 2004;Enge et al, 2010;Fabuel-Perez et al, 2010;Eide and Howell, 2014;Rarity et al, 2014;Rittersbacher et al, 2014), reservoir modelling (e.g., Enge et al, 2007;Rotevatn et al, 2009;Buckley et al, 2010), and structural geology (e.g., Seers and Hodgetts, 2014;Bistacchi et al, 2015, among others). Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has been the principal acquisition technique for deriving virtual outcrops in the last decade (e.g., Pringle et al, 2006;Buckley et al, 2008;Jones et al, 2009), though acquiring this type of detailed 3D spatial data requires expensive instrumentation and significant knowledge of processing workflows.…”

Quantifying discontinuity orientation and persistence on high mountain rock slopes and large landslides using terrestrial remote sensing techniques

“…Teza et al (2007Teza et al ( , 2008 and Monserrat and Crosetto (2007) detail methodologies to measure landslide displacements and strain fields, based on the large amount of dense and accurate spatial information provided by terrestrial remote sensing techniques. Bellian et al (2005) used TLS for stratigraphic modeling and Enge et al (2007) to build petroleum reservoir models. Abellan et al (2006) integrate TLS in the process of rock fall hazard assessment, emphasizing the collection of more accurate information on joint geometry, block volume and location, and rock fall trajectory.…”

Distribution of discontinuous mudstone beds within wave-dominated shallow-marine deposits: Star Point Sandstone and Blackhawk Formation, Eastern Utah, USA

“…The detailed workflow of collecting and processing lidar data captured obliquely from a helicopter is described by Buckley et al (2008a) and Rittersbacher et al (2013), while processing and visualization of lidar data in general are described by Bellian et al (2005), Pringle et al (2006), Enge et al (2007) and Buckley et al (2008b). A brief summary is given below.…”