“…The core deficit in PTSD has been conceptualized as pathological fear conditioning with a failure to recall extinction (Pitman, 1988; VanElzakker, Dahlgren, Davis, Dubois, & Shin, 2014). Animal models and human studies of PTSD have highlighted aberrations in neural circuitry including hyperactivity in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, regions that promote fear responses, alongside hypoactivity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a region that is thought to suppress fear responses (Milad & Quirk, 2012; Quirk, Garcia, & González‐Lima, 2006; VanElzakker et al., 2014). More specifically, vmPFC engagement during extinction learning predicts extinction success and is associated with “top‐down” modulation of amygdala‐driven fear expression (Do‐Monte, Manzano‐Nieves, Quiñones‐Laracuente, Ramos‐Medina, & Quirk, 2015; Lebrón, Milad, & Quirk, 2004; Milad et al., 2005, 2007; Phelps, Delgado, Nearing, & LeDoux, 2004; Quirk, Likhtik, Pelletier, & Paré, 2003; Rosenkranz, Moore, & Grace, 2003).…”