Pillared graphenes are stacked graphene layers separated
by spacers,
or “pillars”, of various types and have attracted significant
attention in material science. In graphene networks, the pillars are
used to increase interlayer distances and control their electronic
conductivity, mechanical strength, and chemical reactivity. Such materials
are currently investigated for a wide range of potential applications,
including optoelectronics, flexible electronics, energy storage, catalysis,
and sensing. In this work, we deal with the optical behavior of a
special class of these promising materials, in which graphene sheets,
piled one on top of the other, are covalently connected by diamino
organic molecules via carbon–nitrogen single bonds. In particular,
we studied elemental molecular quantities strongly related to molecules
and materials’ linear and nonlinear optical profiles. Properties
such as optical gaps, UV–vis absorption spectra, excited states,
and the first dipole hyperpolarizabilities have been computed and
analyzed within the density functional theory framework. The obtained
results suggest that both the linear and the nonlinear optical profiles
of graphene architectures interconnected by conventional organic diamino
molecules are dominated by the optical responses of the graphene layers.
On the other hand, the diamino pillars are indirectly involved, in
the optical behavior of these species, through local structural modifications
on the framework of the graphene sheets as a result of the cross-linking
process. Specifically, the performed computations, conducted in large
finite graphene flakes of specific aromaticity patterns, exposed that
local structural patterns may trigger surprisingly strong variations
with respect to their optical absorption profiles, excited states,
and nonlinear optical behavior. Such local structural patterns involve
intercyclic carbon–carbon single bonds formed between sp3-hybridized carbon atoms belonging to two neighboring aromatic
sextets. As far as the nonlinear optical properties are concerned,
Kohn–Sham coupled perturbed computations on systems of various
cross-linking patterns showed that NLO-inactive graphene sections,
in terms of quadratic nonlinear optical responses, could be converted
to materials of important nonlinearities. Finally, no evident dependence
of the optical absorption profiles was observed with respect to the
type (aromatic, conjugated, or fully saturated) of the pillar used.