From Research to Routine: A Review of Toxicity Testing with Marine Molluscs

Hunt, J.A.; Anderson, BS

doi:10.1520/stp19249s

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Acute hexazinone exposure had comparatively little impact on pediveliger mortality. These results are consistent with reports that even brief exposures to pesticides or other toxicants can reduce larval bivalve survival and growth (Davis and Hidu, 1969; Hunt and Anderson, 1993). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…, reviewed by Hunt and Anderson, 1993), and embryo-larval development assays are widely used as sensitive indicators of toxicity, data concerning the susceptibility of soft-shell clam larvae to toxicants are sparse. Our laboratory experiments demonstrated pesticide and stage-specific differences in clam survival following 24h exposure to different concentrations of 2,4-D, hexazinone or phosmet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Impacts of stage-specific acute pesticide exposure on predicted population structure of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria

et al. 2010

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A combined laboratory and modeling approach was used to assess the impact of selected pesticides on early life stages of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. Clams were exposed for 24 h as veligers or pediveligers to the broad-spectrum herbicide hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1h,3h)-dione; (Velpar®)], the phenoxyacetic acid herbicide, 2,4-D (2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Agway® Super BK 32), or phosmet (Imidan®). In addition, juvenile clams were exposed for 24 h to 2,4-D and their growth monitored for 21 months. Laboratory experiments indicated veligers were more sensitive to acute pesticide exposure than pediveligers, with 2,4-D exposed veligers exhibiting the lowest survival among all treatments. Relative to controls, juvenile clams exposed to 0.5 ppm 2,4-D had enhanced survival following the initial 3 months of grow out. Juveniles exposed to 0.5 ppm, 5 ppm and 10 ppm 2,4-D showed an initial growth delay relative to control clams, but at 21 months post exposure these clams were significantly larger than control clams. Data from the larval and juvenile exposures were used to generate a stage-specific matrix model to predict the effect of pesticide exposure on clam populations. Impacts on simulated clam populations varied with the pesticide and stage exposed. For example, 2,4-D exposure of veligers and pediveligers significantly reduced predicted recruitment as well as population growth rate compared to controls, but juvenile exposure to 2,4-D did not significantly reduce population growth rate. With the exception of veligers exposed to 10 ppm, hexazinone exposure at the both veliger and pediveliger stages significantly reduced predicted recruitment success compared to 0 ppm controls. Hexazinone exposure also reduced modeled population growth rates, but these reductions were only slight in the pediveliger exposure simulations. Veliger and pediveliger exposure to phosmet reduced modeled population growth rate in a dose-dependent fashion. Changes in modeled population stable stage distributions were also observed when veligers were exposed to any pesticide. These results suggest that both the stage of exposure and the specific toxicant are important in predicting effects of pesticide exposure on soft-shell clam populations, with earlier life stages showing greater sensitivity to the pesticides tested.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of stage-specific acute pesticide exposure on predicted population structure of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria

et al. 2010

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“…While 29% of the samples were toxic to amphipods, 78% were toxic to abalone embryos (in 100% pore water). Although there are no published studies specifically designed to compare the relative sensitivity of the abalone and amphipod protocols, previous research using spiked water and sediment samples [32,34] and contaminated field samples [1,2] have indicated that amphipod and invertebrate embryo-larval protocols have variable sensitivity to contaminants. Dif-Sediment quality in Los Angeles Harbor Environ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment quality in Los Angeles Harbor, USA: A triad assessment

Anderson

Hunt

Phillips

et al. 2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Sediment quality in the Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbor area of southern California, USA, was assessed from 1992 to 1997 as part of the California State Water Resources Control Board's Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Status and Trends Program. The assessment strategy relied on application of various components of the sediment quality triad, combined with bioaccumulation measures, in a weight-of-evidence approach to sediment quality investigations. Results of bulk-phase chemical measurements, solid-phase amphipod toxicity tests, pore-water toxicity tests with invertebrate embryos, benthic community analyses (presented as a relative benthic index), and bioaccumulation measures indicated that inner harbor areas of this system are polluted by high concentrations of a mixture of sediment-associated contaminants and that this pollution is highly correlated with toxicity in laboratory experiments and degradation of benthic community structure. While 29% of sediment samples from this system were toxic to amphipods (Rhepoxynius abronius or Eohaustorius estuarius), 79% were toxic to abalone embryos (Haliotis rufescens) exposed to 100% pore-water concentrations. Statistical analyses indicated that amphipod survival in laboratory toxicity tests was significantly correlated with the number of crustacean species and the total number of species measured in the benthos at these stations. Triad measures were incorporated into a decision matrix designed to classify stations based on degree of sediment pollution, toxicity, benthic community degradation, and, where applicable, tissue concentrations in laboratory-exposed bivalves and feral fish.

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“…In this study, Region 6 sought assistance from the USEPA National Exposure Research Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio (NERL), through the Regional Methods Initiative (RMI) Program, to conduct side-by-side C. dubia and P. promelas acute sediment elutriate toxicity tests. Interlaboratory tests can identify the effects of variation in chemical factors (i.e., dilution water and elutriate preparation), physical factors (i.e., test materials), and human factors (i.e., personnel and training), as well as the compounded effects of biological factors at each laboratory (Hunt and Anderson 1993). The objective of this study was to determine if any differences could be identified in the interlaboratory results of toxicity tests conducted independently by Region 6 and NERL on elutriate samples prepared from the same sediment samples using different elutriate preparation procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An interlaboratory comparison of sediment elutriate preparation and toxicity test methods

Haring

Smith

Lazorchak³

et al. 2012

Environ Monit Assess

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Elutriate bioassays are among numerous methods that exist for assessing the potential toxicity of sediments in aquatic systems. In this study, interlaboratory results were compared from 96-h Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas static-renewal acute toxicity tests conducted independently by two laboratories using elutriate samples prepared from the same sediment. The goal of the study was to determine if the results from the elutriate tests were comparable between two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) laboratories when different elutriate preparation procedures were employed by each lab. Complete agreement in site characterization was attained in 22 of the 25 samples for both bioassays amongst each lab. Of the 25 samples analyzed, 10 were found to be toxic to at least one of the species tested by either laboratory. The C. dubia elutriate tests conducted by the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) indicated that 7 of the 25 sediment samples were toxic, while 8 sediment samples were characterized as such in testing conducted by USEPA Region 6 (Region 6). The P. promelas elutriate tests conducted by NERL determined 8 samples as toxic, while Region 6 tests displayed toxicity in 5 of the samples. McNemar's test of symmetry for C. dubia (S = 0.33, p = 0.5637) and P. promelas (S = 3.0, p = 0.0833) tests indicated no significant differences in designating a site toxic between NERL and Region 6 laboratories. Likewise, Cohen's kappa test revealed significant agreement between NERL and Region 6 C. dubia (K = 0.7148, p < 0.01) and P. promelas (K = 0.6939, p < 0.01) elutriate tests. The authors conclude that differences in interlaboratory elutriate preparation procedures have no bearing on the ability of either the C. dubia or P. promelas bioassay testing methods to detect toxicity while yielding similar results.

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From Research to Routine: A Review of Toxicity Testing with Marine Molluscs

Cited by 24 publications

References 48 publications

Impacts of stage-specific acute pesticide exposure on predicted population structure of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria

Impacts of stage-specific acute pesticide exposure on predicted population structure of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria

Sediment quality in Los Angeles Harbor, USA: A triad assessment

An interlaboratory comparison of sediment elutriate preparation and toxicity test methods

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