From Rogers to Clinebell: Exploring the History of Pastoral Psychology

Abstract

This essay explores the recent history of pastoral psychology by examining the transition from Carl Rogers's client-centered therapy as a dominating force to the emergence of Howard Clinebell's growth counseling. The theory and application of each approach is explored, including an analysis of how the cultural milieu of World War II and the shift to neofreudian thought influenced both Rogers and Clinebell. Finally, this essay demonstrates how Clinebell modified Rogers's client-centered therapy by combining confrontation with unconditional positive regard.Keywords Carl Rogers . Client-centered therapy . Howard Clinebell . Growth counseling . History of pastoral psychology As the field of pastoral psychology progresses, it is crucial that we periodically revisit the rich foundations upon which this discipline is constructed. To begin understanding the recent history of pastoral psychology, this essay examines the formative influences of Carl Rogers and Howard Clinebell. We will examine the transition from Rogers's client-centered therapy as a dominating force to the emergence of Clinebell's growth counseling, and consider the historical events which facilitated this development. This essay begins by recounting some of the significant influences in pastoral psychology between 1940-1960, the period in which these theories began to develop. Based upon that history, the next section presents brief biographies and the foundational theories of first Rogers and then Clinebell. Such theories are then compared and contrasted, to finish with Clinebell's own analysis of how growth counseling revised Rogers's client-centered therapy. Throughout this examination, the cultural and historical impacts will help to evidence how pastoral psychology endeavors to meet the contemporary needs of God's people.

Dini Danışma ve Rehberliğin Temel Kavramları ve Tarihi Arka Planı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

“…Bu, Rogers'ın teorisinin yetersizliğidir ki, Clinebell onu yeniden gözden geçirerek pastoral psikologlar için faydalı bir gelişim yaklaşımına çevirmiştir. 89 Rogers'ın yüzleşmeyi modeline dâhil etmemesi, 1940'ların bir ideali olarak ahlaki öğütlerden kaçınmaktan kaynaklanmaktadır. Sonuçta, Clinebell'in ilgisinin 1960'ların düşüncesini günümüze yansıttığı gibi Rogers'ın teorisinin çok fazla bireyselciliği de onun tarihi koşullarını yansıttığı söylenebilir.…”

Pengujian konsep psikoterapi unconditional positive regard pada mahasiswa perempuan

“…UPR adalah penerimaan dan pemahaman atas pengalaman dan emosi klien tanpa adanya kondisi ataupun ekspektasi (Snodgrass, 2007). Rogers menekankan bahwa hanya lewat penerimaan terhadap klien maka klien dapat melakukan kontak dan menyadari penyangkalan (denial) serta distorsi internal dalam dirinya.…”

“…dan berdasar hasil penelitian terbukti bahwa terapi client-centered merupakan terapi yang efektif, bahkan lebih efektif dari routine care oleh general practitioners (Patterson & Joseph, 2006). Bahkan UPR dan teori clientcentered telah menjadi dasar pemikiran dari Psikologi Pastoral khususnya dalam growth counseling yang dikemukakan pertama kali oleh Howard Clinebell (Snodgrass, 2007).…”

An Empirical Study on the Nature of the Verbal Responses of Humanist Chaplains

“…Around the middle of the 20th century, chaplains adopted Rogers' nondirective approach (see, among others : Rogers 1951;Stone 2001;O'Connor 2003;Snodgrass 2007;and Carey and Cohen 2015). Until the 1950s, people mainly talked about pastoral care with a prominent place assigned to the Proclamation of the Word (Mooren 2008;Carey and Cohen 2015).…”

“…As a result of the rise of pastoral counselling, there was a shift in emphasis from the Word Proclamation towards a people orientation: "Today, the dogmatic orientation of the past is opposed to pastoral care as a hermeneutical process [...] as a search for meaning, for the understanding of the other" (Mooren 2008, p. 47). This shift was partly based on a zeitgeist circulating around the Second World War: a shared tendency to turn away from that which was moralistic in nature (Snodgrass 2007;Carey and Cohen 2015). In 1963, the Foundation Humanistic Educational Institution 2 was established in the Netherlands, in which chaplains were educated on a humanistic basis.…”