2021
DOI: 10.3390/md19070379
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From Sea to Skin: Is There a Future for Natural Photoprotectants?

Abstract: In the last few decades, the thinning of the ozone layer due to increased atmospheric pollution has exacerbated the negative effects of excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and skin cancer has become a major public health concern. In order to prevent skin damage, public health advice mainly focuses on the use of sunscreens, along with wearing protective clothing and avoiding sun exposure during peak hours. Sunscreens present on the market are topical formulations that contain a number of di… Show more

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Cited by 25 publications
(21 citation statements)
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“…These can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), finally triggering the expression of the gene encoding the key enzyme involved in ovothiol biosynthesis, the 5-histidylcysteine sulfoxide synthase OvoA, and the consequent production of ovothiol molecules, which may contribute to the stress defence of the embryo [18]. Despite the increasing interest around these molecules, including their pleiotropic activities in humans [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and the peculiar evolutionary history and widespread distribution of the biosynthetic enzymes [36,37], no functional studies have been performed so far to address the biological role of ovothiol.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), finally triggering the expression of the gene encoding the key enzyme involved in ovothiol biosynthesis, the 5-histidylcysteine sulfoxide synthase OvoA, and the consequent production of ovothiol molecules, which may contribute to the stress defence of the embryo [18]. Despite the increasing interest around these molecules, including their pleiotropic activities in humans [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and the peculiar evolutionary history and widespread distribution of the biosynthetic enzymes [36,37], no functional studies have been performed so far to address the biological role of ovothiol.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The ozone layer acts as a filter for UVR, absorbing all UVC and 90% of UVB when sunlight passes through the atmosphere. However, some UVB and UVA radiation is not filtered by the atmosphere, reaching the Earth and the sea, and causing a harmful effect on both terrestrial and aquatic organisms [ 2 ]. Excessive solar exposure is visually characterized by the swelling and redness of the affected area, well-known as sunburn or solar erythema.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The choice of the right sunscreen can be challenging and confusing for consumers due to the awareness of the product’s origin (either natural or synthetic) and whether they are eco-friendly and eco-sustainable. Over recent years, evidence suggesting that synthetic UVR filters may cause damage to the marine environment has emerged, eventually leading to the adoption of restrictive measures by some countries, namely to ban the sale and distribution of sunscreens containing those ingredients in certain locations (Hawaii, Key West, U.S. Virgin Islands, Palau, parts of Mexico, and the Caribbean islands) [ 2 ]. While oxybenzone has been shown to confer ecotoxicities that lead to coral reef bleaching [ 13 , 14 ], other UV chemical filters have been found in diverse marine organisms [ 14 , 15 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Every year, consumers are becoming more aware of where the products they use come from, and nowadays it is not enough for a product to be effective, but whether a product is synthetic or natural, eco-friendly, or eco-sustainable matters too. Even if it is well known that sunscreens are an important tool in the fight against skin diseases, their formulations may need to be improved to contain safer ingredients, particularly in view of the concerns raised on the potential eco-toxicity of some sunscreens to the marine environment as well as to human health [ 24 , 25 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%