“…The production of VFAs through mixed consortia fermentation can utilize more complex substrates in nonsterile conditions (Jankowska, Chwiałkowska, Stodolny, & Oleskowicz-Popiel, 2015;Jankowska, Duber, Chwialkowska, Stodolny, & Oleskowicz-Popiel, 2018). However, to date, the VFA production process through anaerobic digestion with mixed consortia is still in the upscaling phase (Esteban-Gutiérrez, Garcia-Aguirre, Irizar, & Aymerich, 2018) and the full-scale production has been tested with very narrow spectrum of utilizable biomasses, for example, with sewage sludge (Liu et al, 2018). Therefore, there is currently a need to evaluate the potential of various biomasses as substrates for mixed consortia VFA fermentation to boost the production of green chemicals in the circular economy.…”