“…Due to the novelty of the virus, its epidemiological parameters are unknown, so the SEIR model is fitted to historical COVID-19 data, and the resulting estimated parameters are used to predict future cases. Bayesian optimization [6] , metaheuristics (e.g., particle swarm optimization, stochastic fractal search) [7] – [10] , [104] , [108] – [114] , neural networks [11] , [115] , [116] , and nonlinear curve-fitting based optimization methods [12] , [13] , [117] – [119] are some of the most popular approaches used to fit the model to the data and estimate the epidemiological parameters of the model, such as the reproduction number. In addition to forecasting COVID-19 cases, some studies considered additional aspects, such as the effect of different non-pharmaceutical intervention policies (social distancing and lockdown) and re-opening plans [101] , [114] , [120] – [127] .…”