From stem cells to comparative corticogenesis: a bridge too far?

Betizeau, Marion; Dehay, Colette

doi:10.21037/sci.2016.08.02

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Importantly, neurogenesis has been shown to differ between primate and rodent species in the developmental timing of neurogenic clones, an evolutionary phenomenon termed heterochrony (27, 57). Although multiple factors are likely to govern the specific switches from symmetric to asymmetric divisions and then to differentiation and the lengths of the proliferative and neurogenic phases, we speculate that previously identified developmental timing regulators, such as LIN28, have roles in this process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The RNA‐binding protein LIN28 controls progenitor and neuronal cell fate during postnatal neurogenesis

2018

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The RNA-binding protein LIN28 is known to regulate cell fate, tissue growth, and pluripotency; however, a unified understanding of its role at the cellular level has not been achieved. Here, we address its developmental activity in mammalian postnatal neurogenesis. Constitutive expression of LIN28 in progenitor cells of the mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) caused several distinct effects: 1 ) the number of differentiated neurons in the olfactory bulb was dramatically reduced, whereas the relative abundance of 2 neuronal subtypes was significantly altered, 2 ) the population of proliferating neural progenitors in the SVZ was reduced, whereas the proportion of neuroblasts was increased, and 3 ) the number of astrocytes was reduced, occasionally causing them to appear early. Thus, LIN28 acts at a poststem cell/predifferentiation step, and its continuous expression caused a precocious phenotype unlike in other experimental systems. Furthermore, for the first time in a vertebrate system, we separate the majority of the biologic role of LIN28 from its known activity of blocking the microRNA let-7 by using a circular RNA sponge. We find that although LIN28 has a multifaceted role in the number and types of cells produced during postnatal neurogenesis, it appears that its action through let-7 is responsible for only a fraction of these effects.—Romer-Seibert, J. S., Hartman, N. W., Moss, E. G. The RNA-binding protein LIN28 controls progenitor and neuronal cell fate during postnatal neurogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The RNA‐binding protein LIN28 controls progenitor and neuronal cell fate during postnatal neurogenesis

2018

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“…The differences in the timing of neurogenesis between human and non-human primates observed in vivo vary from those observed in vitro, which may reflect certain limitations of the latter model systems, in particular regarding the development of an oSVZ. This issue has recently been competently discussed (Betizeau and Dehay, 2016). This discrepancy could be resolved by the conclusions from the mathematical modeling study (Lewitus et al, 2014), which suggests that for species with similar progenitor types and lineages, such as human and chimpanzee, the bulk of the difference in neuron production can be explained by simply prolonging the neurogenic period by a few days.…”

Section: In Vitro Models Of Cortical Neurogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Length of the Neurogenic Period—A Key Determinant for the Generation of Upper-Layer Neurons During Neocortex Development and Evolution

Stepien

Vaid

Huttner

2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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The neocortex, a six-layer neuronal brain structure that arose during the evolution of, and is unique to, mammals, is the seat of higher order brain functions responsible for human cognitive abilities. Despite its recent evolutionary origin, it shows a striking variability in size and folding complexity even among closely related mammalian species. In most mammals, cortical neurogenesis occurs prenatally, and its length correlates with the length of gestation. The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, notably in human, is associated with an increase in the number of neurons, particularly within its upper layers. Various mechanisms have been proposed and investigated to explain the evolutionary enlargement of the human neocortex, focussing in particular on changes pertaining to neural progenitor types and their division modes, driven in part by the emergence of human-specific genes with novel functions. These led to an amplification of the progenitor pool size, which affects the rate and timing of neuron production. In addition, in early theoretical studies, another mechanism of neocortex expansion was proposed—the lengthening of the neurogenic period. A critical role of neurogenic period length in determining neocortical neuron number was subsequently supported by mathematical modeling studies. Recently, we have provided experimental evidence in rodents directly supporting the mechanism of extending neurogenesis to specifically increase the number of upper-layer cortical neurons. Moreover, our study examined the relationship between cortical neurogenesis and gestation, linking the extension of the neurogenic period to the maternal environment. As the exact nature of factors promoting neurogenic period prolongation, as well as the generalization of this mechanism for evolutionary distinct lineages, remain elusive, the directions for future studies are outlined and discussed.

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“…In macaques, which are 'Old World' monkeys closely related to hominids, the pool of proliferative NSPCs is not only larger than in rodents, but it also remains proliferative for longer. Also, in contrast to rodents, a large AP pool can remain proliferative even when other APs have switched to neurogenesis, by generating mostly basal intermediate progenitors (bIPs) [28][29][30][31]. In neural rosettes, the APs of hominids (human and chimpanzee) were in turn shown to remain proliferative for longer than those in macaque rosettes [32], which may contribute to the larger hominid brain.…”

Section: Mitosis Cell Cycle and The Time For Proliferation Vs Differe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

From stem and progenitor cells to neurons in the developing neocortex: key differences among hominids

2021

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Stem cells and neurons in the hominid neocortex Abbreviations: neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), million years ago (mya), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), ventricular zone Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved (VZ), neuroepithelial cells (NECs), apical radial glia (aRG), apical progenitors (APs), subventricular zone (SVZ), inner and outer SVZ (ISVZ and OSVZ), basal progenitors (BPs), neuroepithelial (NE), basal radial glia (bRG)

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From stem cells to comparative corticogenesis: a bridge too far?

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

The RNA‐binding protein LIN28 controls progenitor and neuronal cell fate during postnatal neurogenesis

The RNA‐binding protein LIN28 controls progenitor and neuronal cell fate during postnatal neurogenesis

Length of the Neurogenic Period—A Key Determinant for the Generation of Upper-Layer Neurons During Neocortex Development and Evolution

From stem and progenitor cells to neurons in the developing neocortex: key differences among hominids

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