“…An abundance of research has investigated the benefits of self-directed learning on student achievement and self-efficacy (Dron & Ostashewski, 2015;Newmann, F. M., Marks, H. M., & Gamoran, A., 1996) Self-directed learning has been shown to enhance learning, problem-solving, and collaborative skills (Kriner, Coffman, Adkisson, Putman, & Monaghan, 2015). Although much of this research has focused on adult learning, some of it has investigated self-directed learning in K-12 settings (Blumenfeld, Marx, Soloway, & Krajcik, 1996;Giannakos, Krogstie, & Aalberg, 2016).…”