From the Treatment of Olive Mills Wastewater to Its Valorisation: Towards a Bio-economic Industrial Symbiosis

The Potential of Industrial Symbiosis: Case Analysis and Main Drivers and Barriers to Its Implementation

“…One of the first steps in the design and analysis of a potential synergy network is the collection of information and quantitative data. Various methods have been used for this, such as interviews [44,65,78,82,106], questionnaires [9,37,63,85,111], site visits [64,84,86,112], and focus groups [53,64,68,85].…”

“…Within the manufacturing sector, the most frequent economic activities in the cases of potential synergy involve chemical, iron and steel, pulp and paper, construction materials, and wood and wood products. While there are cases in which manufacturing is the only sector in the synergy network, such as the study conducted in the Val di Sangro Industrial Area in Italy [64] or in Achaia in Greece [82], most of the cases involve several different industries within the manufacturing sector and other entities in the network that carry out other types of activity. This diversity of sectors has been highlighted by some authors [18,129] as being very important for the establishment of industrial symbiosis networks, as it widens the opportunities available.…”

“…Existing legislation, plans and policies in each country are also repeatedly referred to as drivers of industrial symbiosis [82,101,115,118,120]. Companies are encouraged to set up synergy networks through imposing limits on emission or waste disposal through regulations and taxation, facilitating the use of waste, and allocating funds.…”

“…If a company can function as an anchor tenant, this can be an important factor in driving the realisation of industrial symbiosis relationships [76,82,91,93,114]. These companies are able to attract and anchor a network of companies, not only in terms of the supply of materials but also the reuse of waste.…”

“…Although not an indispensable requirement for establishing the synergy network, geographical proximity between the potential participants in industrial symbiosis is often referred to as a facilitator [11,36,82,91]. Establishing symbiosis networks with nearby companies can increase trust in the relationship.…”