From the warehouse to the field: new applications of existing chemical warfare agent detectors without hardware modification

Riley, Patrick; Ince, Brian S.; McHugh, Vincent M.; Harden, Charles S.; Taylor, James; McIntrye, Henry; McSweeney, Robert T.; Long, Stephen W.

doi:10.1117/12.2519024

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of using standalone IM for the study of fentanyl analogs yielding results in real time with nanogram‐level sensitivity 12,40–48 . These findings highlight the potential of IM as a powerful analytical tool for detecting trace amounts of fentanyl analogs in complex sample matrices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…These findings highlight the potential of IM as a powerful analytical tool for detecting trace amounts of fentanyl analogs in complex sample matrices. However, these approaches have been limited to screening due to their inability to differentiate between compounds with very similar chemical structures and reduced mobility values 40–48 . Metternich et al reported challenges in using mobile/portable IMS in detecting fentanyl and buprenorphine in highly viscous matrices such as toothpaste or liquid soap due to the poor solubility and inhomogeneous distribution of the analytes in the products and limited selectivity of that instrumentation 45 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved separation of fentanyl isomers using metal cation adducts and high‐resolution ion mobility‐mass spectrometry

Aderorho,

Chouinard

2023

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that has attracted significant attention due to its illegal production and distribution, resulting in misuse, overdose, and fatalities. Because numerous fentanyl analogs, including structural isomers, with different potency have been discovered in the field, there is a critical need to continue developing analytical methodologies capable of accurate identification in forensic and clinical laboratories. This study aimed to develop a rapid method for detecting and separating fentanyl isomers based on ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM‐MS), where IM separates gas‐phase ions based on differences in their size, shape, and charge. Several strategies for improved differentiation were implemented, including using unconventional cation adducts (e.g., alkali and transition metals) and data post‐processing by high‐resolution demultiplexing. A collection of collision cross section (CCS) values for the various metal ion adducts was gathered, which can be used to improve confidence of identification in future samples. Notable examples, such as [M + Cu]+ and [M + Ag]+ adducts, contributed to significant improvement of resolution between isomers. Furthermore, the addition of high‐resolution post‐processing provided resolving power of >150, which constitutes a significant increase in comparison with the normal 50–60 obtained with low‐resolution drift tube instruments. Collectively, these improved separation strategies allowed for confident detection and subsequent quantitative analysis. The optimized IM‐MS method resulted in quantification of fentanyl in human urine with limits of detection and quantification of 13 pg/mL and 40 pg/mL, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved separation of fentanyl isomers using metal cation adducts and high‐resolution ion mobility‐mass spectrometry

Aderorho,

Chouinard

2023

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been used to detect trace amounts of explosives since the 1970s , due to its extreme sensitivity with low limits of detection in the single-digit ppt v range in short measurement times down to 1 s . The possibility to build miniaturized IMS devices also renders them suitable for use as mobile and even hand-held instruments for field applications. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide by High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Schaefer,

Lippmann,

Beukers

et al. 2023

Anal. Chem.

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High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS) is a versatile technique for the detection of gaseous target molecules that is particularly useful in complex chemical environments, while the instrumental effort is low. Operating HiKE-IMS at reduced pressures from 10 to 60 mbar results in fewer ion-neutral collisions than at ambient pressure, reducing chemical cross-sensitivities and eliminating the need for a preceding separation dimension, e.g., by gas chromatography. In addition, HiKE-IMS allows operation over a wide range of reduced electric field strengths E/N up to 120 Td, allowing separation of ions by low-field ion mobility and exploiting the field dependence of ion mobility, potentially allowing separation of ion species at high E/N despite similar low-field ion mobilities. Given these advantages, HiKE-IMS can be a useful tool for trace gas analysis such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) detection. In this study, we employed HiKE-IMS to detect TATP. We explore the ionization of TATP and the field-dependent ion mobilities, providing a database of the ion mobilities depending on E/N. Confirming the literature results, ionization of TATP by proton transfer with H3O+ in HiKE-IMS generates fragments, but using NH4 + as the primary reactant ion leads to the TATP·NH4 + adduct. This adduct fragments at high E/N, which could provide additional information for reliable detection of TATP. Thus, operating HiKE-IMS at variable E/N in the drift region generates a unique fingerprint of TATP made of all ion species related to TATP and their ion mobilities depending on E/N, potentially reducing the rate of false positives.

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“…M8 paper provides detection in a colorimetric format with visual discrimination. The JACD is a handheld, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) based detector that has been available for more than 15 years [ 13 ]. Each of these devices is intended for hand-held use by a technician at the site of potential contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Colorimetric Sensor for Autonomous, Networked, Real-Time Application

Johnson¹,

Malanoski²,

Erickson³

2020

Sensors

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This review describes an ongoing effort intended to develop wireless sensor networks for real-time monitoring of airborne targets across a broad area. The goal is to apply the spectrophotometric characteristics of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins in a colorimetric array for detection and discrimination of changes in the chemical composition of environmental air samples. The work includes hardware, software, and firmware design as well as development of algorithms for identification of event occurrence and discrimination of targets. Here, we describe the prototype devices and algorithms related to this effort as well as work directed at selection of indicator arrays for use with the system. Finally, we review the field trials completed with the prototype devices and discuss the outlook for further development.

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From the warehouse to the field: new applications of existing chemical warfare agent detectors without hardware modification

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Improved separation of fentanyl isomers using metal cation adducts and high‐resolution ion mobility‐mass spectrometry

Improved separation of fentanyl isomers using metal cation adducts and high‐resolution ion mobility‐mass spectrometry

Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide by High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Development of a Colorimetric Sensor for Autonomous, Networked, Real-Time Application

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